Physical Aging Ectocranial Suture Closure

Presentation Forensic science reformed wrongdoing examination procedures (White Folkens, 2005). There is no compelling reason to expand on its significance since honest individuals are indicted while blameworthy hoodlums are vindicated if criminological anthropologists neglect to give precise investigation of the proof gathered by law requirement offices (Katzenberg Saunders, 2008).Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Physical Aging: Ectocranial Suture Closure explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More One basic part of scientific science is the capacity to decide the age of the skeletal stays at the hour of death (Lieberman, 2011). The strategy is known as the ectocranial stitch conclusion technique. Customary grown-up skeletal maturing strategies concentrated on four principle areas of the human body: 1) the pubic symphysis; 2) auricular surface; 3) sternal rib closes; 4) cranial stitches (Cox Mays, 2000, p. 70). In any case, the focal point of this intro duction is on ectocranial stitch conclusion. Cranial stitch conclusion is a method found in the sixteenth century. Be that as it may, it was considered as an inconsistent grown-up skeletal maturing strategy. Be that as it may, anthropologists Meindl and Lovejoy reconsidered the entire procedure and thought of a reexamined strategy called the ectocranial stitch conclusion technique. Strategy This specific procedure requires the assessment of the condition of conclusion of the stitches of the skull at characterized focuses on the noggin (Meindl Lovejoy, 1985). There are two significant strides in the use of Meindl and Lovejoy’s reexamined endocranial stitch conclusion strategy. In the initial step, the anthropologist utilizes a total skull and takes information estimations from a particular stitch perception site called the Ectocranial Vault stitches. In the subsequent advance, the anthropologist takes information estimation from another stitch perception site called the Ectocr anial Lateral-Anterior stitches. These two stages contain the ectocranial stitch conclusion technique. After the foundation of the particular stitch perception destinations, the anthropologist will assemble information utilizing the reexamined technique created by Meindl and Lovejoy.Advertising Looking for report on maturing? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ten explicit locales are recorded as follows: 1) Mid-lambdoid; 2) Lambda; 3) Obelion; 4) Anterior sagittal;5) Bregma; 6) Mid-coronal; 7) Pterion; 8) Sphenofrontal; 9) Inferior Sphenofrontal; and 10) Superior Sphenofrontal (DiGangi Moore, 2012, p.78). These ten destinations were partitioned into the â€Å"vault system† and the â€Å"lateral-front system† (Steele Bramblett, 1988, p.57). It is basic that the anthropologist precisely distinguishes the particular area of the stitches in agreement to the structure created by Meindl and Lovejoy. The accompanyi ng data can help the anthropologist in deciding the real stitch areas (see Table 1). Purposes of the Skull Definition of Terms Mid-lambdoid Midpoint of every 50% of the lamboid stitch Lambda At lambda in standards lambdica of sagittal and standards lambdica of lamboid stitches Obelion At obelion in parts obelica of the sagittal stitch Anterior sagittal Point on the sagittal stitch at the crossroads of the foremost 33% and back 66% of its length (typically close to the crossroads of the standards bregmatica and standards verticis of the sagittal stitch Bregma At bregma in standards bregmatica of the coronal and standards bregmatica of the sagittal stitches Mid-coronal Midpoint of every 50% of the coronal stitch in parts muddle of the coronal stitch Pterion At pterion, the district of the upper segment of the more prominent wing of the sphenoid, as a rule where the parietosphenoid stitch meets the frontal bone Sphenofrontal Midpoint of the sphenofrontal stitch Inferior Sphenofrontal P oint of the sphenotemporal stitch lying at its convergence with a line interfacing both articular tubercles of the temporomandibular joint Superior Sphenofrontal Point on the sphenotemporal stitch lying 2 cm beneath its point with the parietal bone Table 1. Meanings of stitch perception locales. After the particular areas were recognized, the anthropologist utilizes a four-point scoring framework. The scoring framework utilizes the accompanying measures: 0 = no discernible conclusion; 1 = insignificant conclusion; 2 = huge conclusion; and 3 = complete pulverization (DiGangi Moore, 2012, p.78). In the wake of watching the ten explicit locales, the anthropologist will utilize a table of composite scores and a mean age and standard deviation for each score (DiGangi Moore, 2012, p.79). The anthropologist looks at the qualities produced and utilizes the table to decide the evaluated age of the skeleton. Research Findings The ectocranial stitch conclusion strategy should get one of the si gnificant age assurance strategies made accessible to anthropologists. The strategy depends on a solid system. It is worthwhile to utilize this specific procedure particularly with regards to deciding the age gathering. In addition, this procedure gives the capacity to decide the age of the skeleton if different methods are non-accessible. Simultaneously this method can be utilized to approve age evaluated produced by other techniques.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Physical Aging: Ectocranial Suture Closure explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The ectocranial stitch conclusion can help give an age gauge of the skeletal remains. However, researchers can't give an unmistakable clarification with regards to the relationship of stitch conclusion and age. Another significant disservice of this strategy is the wide age stretches. The expansive range spans can be an issue with regards to crime scene investigation. Scientific anthropologists are confro nted with the test to give exact appraisals old enough while thinking about human variety in the maturing procedure (Dirkmaat, 2012 p. 203). As indicated by one analysis, â€Å"the smaller, or progressively exact the age gauge given, the more accommodating it very well may be to law requirement while killing conceivable identities† (Dirkmaat, 2012 p.203). Pundits rush to call attention to that this specific procedure is an untrustworthy skeletal maturing strategy (Meindl Lovejoy, 1985 p. 57). Depreciators dismissed cranial stitch conclusion and commented that it can't be trusted (Meindl Lovejoy, 1985, p. 57). By the by, after an inside and out examination on various strategies, it was found that â€Å"no single skeletal pointer old enough at death is ever prone to precisely mirror the numerous elements which aggregate with sequential age, every one of which contribute important data to the age estimate† (Meindl Lovejoy, 1985, p. 65). It o in this way essential to useIt is along these lines basic to rethink the estimation of the ectocranial stitch conclusion as an elective apparatus in the assurance of the age of the skeleton at the hour of death. End The ectocranial stitch conclusion strategy isn't dependable with regards to exact age gauges. Anthropologists said that there are expansive age stretches. Simultaneously they can't give a reasonable clarification respects to the relationship between's stitch conclusion and age of the skeleton. Yet, this strategy is valuable with regards to the assurance old enough gatherings, regardless of whether the skeleton has a place with a kid or a grown-up. Besides, this strategy is valuable with regards to the approval old enough gauges gave by other skeletal age assurance techniques.Advertising Searching for report on maturing? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More References Cox, M Mays, S 2000, Human osteology: in archaic exploration and criminological science, Oxford University Press, UK. DiGangi, E Moore, M 2012, Research strategies in human skeletal science, Academic Press, UK. Dirkmaat, D 2012, An ally to criminological human sciences, Blackwell Publishing, UK. Katzenberg, M Saunders, S 2008, Biological humanities of the human skeleton, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. Lieberman, D 2011, The advancement of the human head, Harvard University Press, MA. Meindl, R Lovejoy, O1985, ‘Ectocranial stitch conclusion: a reconsidered technique for the assurance of skeletal age at death dependent on the horizontal front sutures’, The American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 68 no.1, pp. 57-66. Steele, D C Bramblett, 1988, The life structures and science of the human skeleton, Texas A M University Press, TX. White, T Folkens, P, 2005, The human bone manual, Elsevier Academic Press, UK. This report on Physical Aging: Ectocranial Suture Closure was composed and put together by client Ed1s0n to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

The Transformation of Roger Chillingworth essays

The Transformation of Roger Chillingworth papers In the Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, a young lady is up to speed in transgression between two men and bound to wear a letter An on her chest. Each of the three of the primary characters are delinquents. Hester Prynne submits adultry on her significant other, Roger Chillingworth, with a clergyman of the name Arthur Dimmsdale. Roger Chillingworth experiences a change that changes him from a good man of his word, to a dubious, decided man, lastly to a man contrasted with the villain. In the start of the novel, Chillingworth is viewed as an exceptionally decent medication man. From the start, the peruser nearly needs to feel for the elderly person as a result of his physical appearance and due to the way that his better half has an infant with another man. In any case, at that point, one understands that Chillingworths first sin was wedding Hester in light of the fact that he knew she never truly adored him. He concedes this to her while they aer talking in the prison cell. Mine was the primary wrong, when I double-crossed they maturing youth into a bogus and unnatural connection with my rot. Chillingworth needs to know who the dad of Hesters infant, Pearl, is, however she won't tell. Desire and outrage start to destroy Chillingworth. He is not, at this point the researcher he used to be, who commit his greatest years to take care of the ravenous dream of information. Slowly, Roger Chillingworths character starts to experience a change. In the novel, Chillingworth transforms from decent to a dubious and vengful man. From the start, the Puritans get Chillingworth well, feeling that he will help Dimmsdale. ...that Heaven had fashioned a flat out supernatural occurrence, by shipping a prominent Doctor of Physic, from a German college, substantial through the air, and putting him down at the entryway of Mr. Dimmesdale's investigation! So, Chillingwoth starts rehearsing medication on Dimmsdale and gradually presumes his as Pearls father. Chillingworth over and over attempts to unwind Dimmesdales mystery and get him t... <!

CPW Day 1

CPW Day 1 Hi everyone! CPW is in full swing. I havent been this tired in a long, long time. :-) I got here a little after 8AM, worked the registration desk until a little after 8PM, went to the Prefrosh Welcome Event in Rockwell (where Marilee spoke and the Logs sang), picked up some liquid nitrogen ice cream via the Prefrosh Festival on the way back, and Ive been back at the registration desk since a little before 10PM. Ill get out of here at midnight and can proudly say that my registration butt has been sitting on the same registration chair for 14+ hours today. Woot! Mitra has been right here with me the whole day; she is a total trooper. The good news is that this has been an ideal place to see people as they arrive on campus. Its been great to meet people in person after corresponding with them online for so many months! Ive taken a ton of pics which Ill post all at once early next week. Tomorrow should be a little more exciting for me activity-wise. Having paid my dues at the Registration Desk today, I get to float a bit more tomorrow. Looking forward to the EC bouncy ball drop (w/ strobe lights). :-) Below youll find todays pics although theyre mostly from the Registration Room, as thats where I was all day! Me, at the beginning of CPW, still with tons of evergy! :-) Mari, my guiardian angel. Matt Marilee. Me Mootmom. MoneyMan in rare form. Emily Mitra. Kelly, Lulu, Kledia, Mike Anthony check in. Me Ellen, with whom youve likely spoken if youve ever called our office. Finally free of the Reg Room, I was able to attend the welcome ceremony. Marilee is speaking in this pic followed by a performance from the Logs. Before heading back to the Reg Room for my second shift, I stopped by the Festival. Here some folks are making ice sculptures and liquid nitrogen ice cream.

Guidelines Relating to Encounter Killings - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2803 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Guidelines specific to Encounter Killings: The general procedure on the Human Right Violations was not so fruitful in ensuring proper compensation nor preventing further encounter deaths. So the National Human Rights Commission had to issue directives/guidelines specifically for Human Right violation related to encounter deaths. According to those the reports had to be submitted within a stipulated time frame and on the receipt of such reports, the NHRC investigates these cases. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Guidelines Relating to Encounter Killings" essay for you Create order Where it believes there was no apprehension of any possible injury or death to the police personnel at the hands of the criminal, and that the concerned police personnel made use of unjustified force, thus, causing grievous injury or death of an individual, the Commission is empowered to award compensation to the next of kin of the victim and even recommend the prosecution of the errant official.[1] In the year 1996, the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) while dealing with encounter killings of alleged naxals in Andhra Pradesh, pursuant to a complaint lodged by Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee, found that fake encounter killings were startlingly common and were being carried out with impunity.[2] No or very little action was initiated against the police because of absence of an independent investigation to ascertain the circumstances surrounding encounter killings. The NHRC noted that the deceased was usually arrayed as the accused in an FIR registered at the Police Station involved in the encounter killing and the case was then taken as abated on account of his death.[3] Often, the police officers who led the encounter killing also carry out the investigation and use their personal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to close the matter.[4] The NHRC had issued a set of guidelines on March 29, 1997, on the procedures to be followed by State governments while dealing with encounter deaths and sought the States views on them. This was subsequent to the NHRCs order on November 5, 1996, in a complaint against the Andhra Pradesh government, indicating the correct procedure to be followed in such cases.[5] In the guidelines, it was emphasized that all cases of suspected encounter deaths should be investigated by an independent investigating agency such as the State Criminal Investigation Department (CID) and that the delinquent police officers should be prosecuted. In the guidelines, for the first time, the then NHRC Chairperson, Justice M .N. Venkatachaliah told State governments that if an encounter death was not justified as having been caused in exercise of the legitimate right of private defence, or in proper exercise of the power of arrest under Section 46 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), the police officer causing the death would be guilty of culpable homicide. Whether the causing of death in an encounter was justified as falling under any of the two conditions could only be ascertained by proper investigation and not otherwise, he said in his letter to the Chief Ministers.[6] The NHRC found that its Guidelines were not observed in true spirit and subsequently on 02.12.2003, revised guidelines of the NHRC have been issued and it was emphasized that the States must send intimation to the Commission of all cases of deaths arising out of police encounters.[7] All the States and Union territories have been directed to send a six monthly statement of all cases of deaths in police action in the States/Uni on Territories through the Director General of Police to the NHRC.[8] In its concern that police officers engaging in encounter killings were being glorified for their criminality, the NHRC also emphasized that no gallantry awards or out-of-turn promotions be granted to the officers involved with encounter killings. Further, the NHRC has reiterated its guidelines on 12.05.2010 to all State Governments/Union Territory Administrations for investigation into cases of deaths caused in police action. The revised guidelines are as follows:[9] A. When the police officer in charge of a Police Station receives information about the deaths in an encounter between the Police party and others, he shall enter that information in the appropriate register. [10] B. Where the police officers belonging to the same Police Station are members of the encounter party, whose action resulted in deaths, it is desirable that such cases are made over for investigation to some other independent invest igating agency, such as State CBCID. C. Whenever a specific complaint is made against the police alleging commission of a criminal act on their part, which makes out a cognisable case of culpable homicide, an FIR to this effect must be registered under appropriate sections of the I.P.C. Such case shall invariably be investigated by State CBCID. [11] D. A Magisterial Inquiry must invariably be held in all cases of death which occur in the course of police action. The next of kin of the deceased must invariably be associated in such inquiry.[12] E. Prompt prosecution and disciplinary action must be initiated against all delinquent officers found guilty in the magisterial enquiry/ police investigation.[13] F. No out-of-turn promotion or instant gallantry rewards shall be bestowed on the concerned officers soon after the occurrence. It must be ensured at all costs that such rewards are given/ recommended only when the gallantry of the concerned officer is established beyond doubt.[14] G. (a) All cases of deaths in police action in the states shall be reported to the commission by the Senior Superintendent of Police/ Superintendent of Police of the District within 48 hours of such death in the following format:[15] 1. Date and place of occurrence 2. Police Station, District. 3. Circumstances leading to deaths: i. Self defence in encounter ii. In the course of dispersal of unlawful assembly iii. In the course of effecting arrest. 4. Brief facts of the incident 5. Criminal Case No. 6. Investigating Agency (b) A second report must be sent in all cases of deaths in police action in the states by the Senior Superintendent of Police/ Superintendent of Police to the commission within three months providing following information: Post mortem report Inquest report Findings of the magisterial enquiry/ enquiry by senior officers disclosing:- Names and designation of police official, if found responsible for death; Whether use of force was justified and action taken was lawful; Result of the forensic examination of hand wash of the deceased to ascertain the presence of residue of gun powder to justify the exercise of right of self-defence; and Report of the Ballistic Expert on examination of the weapons alleged to have been used by the deceased and his companions. DECIDED CASES AND COMPENSATION: Compensation has worked as a deterrent to the commission of such crimes. From the guidelines issued and the table which gives statistics on number of cases where compensation was awarded it appears that as soon one approaches NHRC, it will take necessary steps to bring immediate relief to the victims families but it is actually not. The families have struggled a lot. Only enormous public pressure will make way for independent investigation. Moreover the families of the victims has to show show extraordinary grit and determination against all odds to see the case reach a logical conclusion, some cases take ten[16] to thirty[17] long years. The number of cases in which NHRC made recommendations for compensatory monetary relief and/or disciplinary action against public servants or prosecution of public servants in a represents is significantly less compared to the complaints made, most of the cases still remain pending for compliance at various st ages. As far as the cases before 2009, it was found that from the 2560 cases of known encounter,1224 cases are categorized as fake encounters, and the NHRC has ordered for compensation of a few lakhs in only 16 cases.[18] Usually the state government pays the victim and recovers the same amount from the accused official. Some states have been seen to be resistant to the payment of compensation to the victims or their families, and instead insist on waiting for a court of law to establish guilt on the part of the accused official, which is very difficult to prove in such cases since there are invariably no witnesses. Though, in recent years, there has been improvement in the rate of deciding cases and in the number of cases where compensation awarded, the rate of prosecution is still pathetic. In fact there is not even one reported case of prosecution of the cases inquired by NHRC. Only a very less number of cases which are brought into notice to the Higher Judiciary was delive red justice. TABLE VI STATEMENT SHOWING STATEWISE NO. OF CASES REGISTERED ON THE BASIS OF INTIMATION DURING THE LAST THREE YEARS AND CURRENT YEAR UPTO 15/11/2013 ABOUT DEATH DUE TO POLICE ACTION/FAKE ENCOUNTER[19] *TCR TOTAL CASES REGISTERED *D DISPOSED CASES *P PENDING CASES TABLE VII STATEMENT SHOWING NO. OF CASES (INCLUDING CARRY FORWARD) REGARDING DEATH IN ENCOUNTER BY POLICE ( INTIMATION AND ALLEGED) WHERE NHRC RECOMMENDED MONETARY RELIEF,DISCIPLINARY ACTION AND PROSECUTION DURING THE LAST THREE YEARS AND CURRENT YEAR UPTO 15/11/2013[20] Immunities One of the factors that not only promote the security forces to involve in encounter killings but also protects the perpetrators is that immunity that is given under various legislations in India. The word immunity serves good only in the field of medicine. When it comes human right violations, the actual protectors turn perpetrators, thanks to wide immunity powers given by means of discretion. The culture and legal structure of immunity has allowed the most fundamental violations of human rights by the Government officials in the form of encounter killings to go unchecked. The only reason the security forces has the nerve to commit fake encounter because of the confidence that they can get away with it. The immunity to the officials is given in the form of encouragement and then as safeguarding them. Encouragement means the legislative provisions which grant police, security, and other government officials with widespread powers that we discussed in the previous chapters. Safeguarding provisions comes in the form of sanctions that are to be given by the government to prosecute any official who abused their powers. The constitution itself is partly at fault because it provides authority to parliament to enact laws creating both official and sovereign immunity, and is otherwise silent with respect to impunity.[21] Article 34 gives absolute immunity to the armed forces by a law ma de by legislature.[22] In turn, over the course of, the Government of India has passed various laws that effectively shield government officials from criminal and civil suits (official immunity), and protect the government and its entities from being sued for damages for abuses committed by officials (sovereign immunity).[23] The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, and several local laws contribute to the arsenal of weapons available to the states police officers and administrative officials. Legislation such as the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Armed Forces Special; Powers Act, and the Jammu and Kashmir Disturbed Areas Act each contribute to an atmosphere of impunity in India that is out of step with international standards and is damaging to democracy. The combined effect of the AFSPA, UAPA and certain clauses in the Indian Penal Code and Criminal Procedure Code override many of the protections established by the Indian Constitution, and in other sections of the India n Penal Code and the Criminal Procedure Code. The Protection of Human Rights Act establishing the NHRC does not contain enough force to combat the dangerous provisions in the national security and anti-terrorism measures so effectively enacted, and the result is more human rights violations and police brutality. Such problematic legal provisions are compounded by judicial delay, costly trials and lack of proper investigation of abuses. The requirement of the consent of the central or state government for the prosecution of officials under section 197 of the CrPC and of the central government under section 7 of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, prevents full redress for violations, and reinforces the climate of impunity for the security forces. The National Human Rights Commission has acknowledged this in its support for the recommendation of the Law Commission in 1985, that section 197 CrPC be amended to obviate the necessity for sanction.[24] Immunity under CRPC Secti on 197 is a giant step toward sweeping defacto official immunity as it deprives courts of jurisdiction over an alleged criminal offence committed by a government official or member of the armed forces while acting or purporting to act within the discharge of his official duty unless it first obtains authorization from the requisite central or state government.[25] Section 197 seeks à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“to protect responsible public servants against the institution of possibly vexatious criminal proceedings for offences alleged to have been committed by them. This protection has certain limits and is available only when the alleged act done by the public servant is reasonably connected with the discharge of his official duty and is not merely a cloak for doing an objectionable act. Use of the expression official duty implies that the act or omission must have been done by the public servant in the course of his service and that it should have been done in discharge of his duty. Can a f ake encounter, a deliberate murder, ever meet this test a reasonable connection with official duty?[26] In several cases the First Information Reports (FIRs) have been filed with police and forwarded to judicial magistrates for investigation to determine whether a trial can commence. Advocates representing the security forces concerned have then filed review petitions challenging the right of magistrates to investigate offences alleged to have been perpetrated by members of the security forces, on the grounds that they do not have the jurisdiction to hear such cases. This has had the effect of stalling the legal process.[27] The review petitions invoke section 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), under which no court can take cognizance of an offence alleged to have been committed by a public servant or member of the Armed Forces while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty except with the previous sanction of the central or state government. One of the biggest problems is there is no timeframe in this provision. A timeframe which says that within so many months the Government must grant sanction and what if the Government fails to give on time, will be deemed to be granted? The government should also provide reasons so it looks like application of mind has taken place and its a speaking order which would be justiciable. Since none of these has been answered and there are no proper framework, this provision acts as absolute immunity. When Cr.P.C fails to protect the police from prosecution, self defence under IPC comes in handy. [1] National Human Rights Commission, Record of discussion Between NHRC UNSR On Extrajudicial, Summary Or Arbitrary Executions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2012 The interaction of the National Human Rights Commission with the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, Mr. Christof Heyns, was held in the National Human Rights Commission Conference Room on 22.03.2012 at 11:30 AM under the Chairmanship of Justice Shri GP Mathur, Member, NHRC. Available at : https://nhrc.nic.in/Documents/Reports/Record Note UN Spl.Rapporteur on Extra-Judicial Powers.pdf [2] Decision of NHRC in A.P.C.L.C, File Nos. 234(1) to (6)/93-94/NHRC( November 5, 1996), available at https://nhrc.nic.in/Documents/CasesOfEncounterDeaths.pdf [3] Ibid [4] Ibid [5] Ibid [6] https://nhrc.nic.in/Documents/CasesOfEncounterDeaths.pdf [7] https://mha1.nic.in/par2013/par2014-pdfs/rs-190214/2718.pdf [8] https://nhrc.nic.in/Documents/RevisedGuidelinesDealingInEncounterDeaths.pdf [ 9] https://nhrc.nic.in/documents/Death During the course of Police Action.pdf [10] Ibid [11] Ibid [12] Ibid [13] Ibid [14] Ibid [15] [16] Pushkar Raj and Shobha Sharma, Encounter culture and accountability of police, available at: https://www.pucl.org/Topics/Police/2007/encounter_culture.html [17] https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Justice-after-31-years-Three-cops-get-death-penalty-for-plotting-DSPs-murder-in-fake-encounter/articleshow/19398386.cms [18] https://www.ndtvmi.com/b4/dopesheets/aastha.pdf [19]Loksabha unstarred q.no.1979 for 17.12.2013 available at https://164.100.47.132/Annexture/lsq15/15/au1979.htm [20] Ibid [21] Noorani.A.G, Challenges to civil rights guarantees in India 239 (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2012) [22] Article 34 :Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area: 4 Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, Parliament may by law indemnify any person in the service of the Union or of a State or any other person in respect of any act done by him in connection with the maintenance or restoration of order in any area within the territory of India where martial law was in force or validate any sentence passed, punishment inflicted, forfeiture ordered or other act done under martial law in such area. [23]South Asian Human Rights Documentation Centre(SAHRDC) : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Eliminating Sovereign and Official Immunity in Fundamental Human Rights Cases: SAHRDCs submission to the National Commissionfor theReviewof theWorking of the Constitutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 5 January 2001 [24] National Human Rights Commission, Annual Report 1995-96 [25] Supra 94 [26] Noorani.A.G, What Pathribal means for India, The Hindu July.26, 2013 [27] Amnesty International, Report : India: Official Sanction for killings in Manipur  available at https://www.upr-info.org/IMG/pdf/COHR_IND_UPR_S1_2008anx_Annex_XVII_Official_Sanction_fo r_Killings_in_Manipur_AI_re.pdf

Nissan S Operations Management Essay - 1127 Words

Operations management 1. One of the improvement initiatives that helped to win the Sunderland plant a new model was a four-year programme. It started eight years before the new model was due to start production. Why do you think it takes eight years for initiatives like this to come to fruition? Definition Operations management focuses on carefully managing the processes to produce and distribute products and services to its users. A great deal of focus is on efficiency and effectiveness of processes. Therefore, operations management often includes substantial measurement and analysis of internal processes, for example, retail, manufacturing, whole sale.etc. Background One may generally consider that there are three distinct†¦show more content†¦Nissan Sunderland plant has achieved spectacular results in productivity and efficiency, and therefore has developed a very strong reputation which does not happen overnight. There are numerous business improvement initiatives that can be used by organisations to continually improve quality, productivity and sustainability towards achieving excellence. The initiatives can be approaches, systems, tools and/or techniques such as TQM, JIT, Lean Kaizen. Many organisations try to implement these initiatives to try and cure all organisation problems. In reality, however, none of the individual initiatives can solve all problems effectively in the organisation. Each initiative has a role to play towards achieving business excellence. Managing change among employees Some initiatives are more affective under certain situations (Ricondo Viles, 2005). However attempting to apply any initiative in isolation will only provide short term benefits (Dale McOutor 1998, Dale 2007, icondo Viles 2005). It is also believed that the attitude of people is key to business improvement initiatives. 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The below paper describes how proper operations management practices will help with the recovery of Nissan. â€Å"Operations Management (OM) is the set of activities that creates value in the form of goods and services by transforming inputs into outputs† (Heizer Render, 2014). Nissan uses operations management functions, such as organizing, leading, planning, staffing, and controllingRead MoreNissan Motors And Its Impact On The Industrial Era1009 Words   |  5 PagesNissan motors was not always the name of Nissan cars it did not receive the name that we know so much about until 1934 . In 1933 Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. was created and took over all operations for manufacturing from the automobile division of Tobata Casting Co., Ltd. Yoshisuke Aikawa is the founder and leader of the Nissan combine. He had goals on producing more that 15,000 units per year. 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Nissan is always seeking to strengthen its risk management systems in order to better prepare for natural disasters and other emergency situations. While maintaining close communication with its suppliers and each of its global bases, Nissan continue to work hard to minimize risk and keep going smoothl y as it goes (Shiga, 2012)Read MoreCase Study : Nissan Motor Company Ltd1401 Words   |  6 PagesMilestone #1 – Managing Operations Jonathan Wronski Southern New Hampshire University QSO-300 April 23, 2016 â€Æ' Using the case study titled Nissan Motor Company Ltd.: Building Operational Resiliency (Schmidt, Simchi-Levi, 2013), the goal of this paper is to evaluate how Nissan uses operations management functions to provide products and generate value for its customers and achieve a competitive advantage, and will compare and contrast service operations and manufacturing operations. This paper will alsoRead MoreTheories And Techniques. A. Summarize The Following Theories:869 Words   |  4 Pagesthe advantages and disadvantages for using each of these concepts at the company presented in the case study. Just-in-time: Just-in-time is an approach of continuous and forced problem solving through a focus on throughput and reduced inventory. Nissan takes advantage of JIT through reduced inventory levels and relying on a supply chain to deliver the parts needed to build its cars. The major benefit to JIT is that production runs remain short and the costs are reduced through less waste in warehouseRead MoreCarlos and Nissan: Managing Global Financial Risk766 Words   |  3 PagesWhat Carlos and Nissan did in order to manage global financial risk and why? Carlos and Nissan managed global financial crisis by changing the way the company did business by shifting from the Japanese culturally approved concept and moved to the American way of cutting cost and increasing productivity which helped them to prosper and since Carlos Ghosn came from a multicultural background he didnt find difficulty doing that. Carlos Ghosn first determined how deep financial stagnation was andRead MoreCase Study : Nissan s Risk Management Plan Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesNissan Motors uses operations management functions to provide products and generate value for its customers by making the decision to maintain and to simplify their product line compared to their competitors. Their motor assembly department adopted to build to stock, and build to order strategies which gives them a competitive advantage over their competitors. The built to order strategy is the strategy that the design of vehicles is based on demands of the customers. By having this strategy the

Types of Business Activity Free Essays

The Coca Cola Company is a global company that makes soft drinks. It is most known for producing the soft drink Coca Cola. The company claims that the drink is sold in more than 200 countries and is produced in Atlanta, Georgia. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Business Activity or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was originally intended as a patent medicine when it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton; Coca Cola was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose marketing tactics led Coke to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the 20th century.The Coca Cola Company is a public organisation that’s sole aim is to provide a quality soft drink to consumers and to maximise profits while doing this. The company is in the secondary sector of business as it only sells a product, this being soft drinks. Business Purposes Coca Cola exists because at the time there was a gap in the market for soft drinks. Today Coca Cola is the most successful soft drinks manufacturer in the world and they make a lot of profit. A profit organisation is a company such as Coca Cola. A non-profit organisation is an organisation such as the NHS.The main reason for this is because both organisations have different reasons for the business, so therefore different objectives. Some companies may choose to make a loss on certain products, this is initially because they want to get new customers to try there product, they make sure the price is really cheap so the customers will purchase it and try it, and once the customers have tried it they will then bump their prices back up to make a profit. The NHS for example makes a loss so that everyone can afford health care because they want to provide a service. The NHS also will pay private health care organisations such as BUPA to take some patients away from them to reduce waiting time so customers are happier with the service provided. Coca Cola supply their products through other companies, they sell their products to them and that’s how they make their profit. They also have vending machines that are stocked up by Coca Cola themselves. Owners Coca Cola Coca Cola is a public limited company which means that it is permitted to offer its shares to the public.This means shares are sold on the stock market, and if stock increases then the value of the stock also increases so the public make profit. NHS The NHS is part of a government department funded by taxpayer’s money. This therefore means everyone in the country can get healthcare for free. Stakeholders Stakeholders are anyone that has an interest in the business, for example at a local college a stakeholder could be a local resident who lives near the college. They could be affected if litter from the college is outside their house.Other stakeholders such as customers interested in purchasing clothes from a shop want to maximise quality on the clothes but don’t want to pay too much. Another stakeholder could be an employee, they want to maximise their salary but want job security. Coca Cola Customers are stakeholders of Coca Cola as they purchase the product with the intent to be satisfied with the quality of it and to fulfil the needs of the customer and to be rewarded with special offers etc. They also don’t want to pay too much for it but still want a high quality product and finally good customer service and want to be rewarded for their loyalty.NHS My second organisation is the NHS. The customers of the NHS want high quality healthcare but not to pay too much for it through their taxes. They also want the hospital to be fairly close to them. Coca Cola Employees are another stakeholder as they are employed by Coca Cola to either create the product, market or distribute the product. While doing this they want to be paid very well, have flexible working hours, job security, chance of promotion, have a good amount of holiday, get sick pay and get some sort of health care.Another point is that employees want to work for ethical organisations; this means that they feel that the company works in the right way and does not exploit anyone. NHS The employees who work for the NHS are also stakeholders and like Coca Cola want to be paid well, have flexible hours and to have job security. Coca Cola Suppliers are affected by they want to purchase the product in bulk for the intent to sell onto customers for a profit, so originally they want to purchase the product for as lit tle as possible so they can make a bigger profit when they sell it onto the customers. The supplier also wants the company they are giving to, to be successful, the reason for this is because the more successful they are then they are going to come back to purchase more products. The size of the supplier and the company can matter as well. The reason for this is because if the supplier is bigger than the company they can dictate how much they want to sell the product for etc, where as if the company is bigger than the supplier then they can have more of a say for how much they want to purchase the product. NHSThe suppliers who give the NHS equipment and drugs etc want to be paid well for the products they are selling to the NHS and to make sure they stay faithful by continuing to purchase products from them Coca Cola The owners of the company have a say in what they think the company be doing and how they want it to be run, they have lots of authority and want their company to be as successful as possible while making a huge profit. They also want to increase their rep utation and also increase their market share, as their looking at the bigger picture, so in the future they are likely to be more financially secure and increase profits.The owner also wants to take control of as many shares as possible and make sure the shares are worth as much as they can be. NHS The owners of the NHS want to make sure that the service being given out is high quality healthcare and advice and making sure customers are happy with the service provided. Coca Cola Pressure groups are groups that are external to the business and are set up because they have an issue with something the company is doing.Pressure groups may decide to protest against Coca Cola because they believe it is unhealthy and is aimed at parent’s children and that is making them unhealthy, or maybe in less developed countries the water they are using to make the product is mostly being used for their product and the people need the water to survive. These people will protest against the company because of their beliefs, values and opinions. NHS Pressure groups that are affected by the NHS are groups that think the ervice is poor and maybe they aren’t happy with how they were treated by the service. They may also protest because of waiting times and waiting lists. Coca Cola Trade unions represent the workers of a business. The reason for this is so they can look out for them and bring up any issues that the workers have with the company. These issues can be anything from salary, benefits, holiday, how they are treated, sick pay or if jobs are at stake and some people may be made redundant then the workers may decide to strike and the trade union will look after them.NHS Trade Unions represent the workers of the NHS, so this is the doctors, nurses etc. The reason for this is so they can look out for them and bring up any issues that the workers have with the company. These issues can be anything from salary, benefits, holiday, how they are treated, and sick pay or if jobs are at stake and some people may be made redundant then the workers may decide to strike and the trade union will look after them Coca Cola Employee associations are used for firms and represent different organisations.Employee associations represent a handful of firms instead of just one because for example when the government got tough on labelling for food and drinks this affected Coca Cola and they would be represented by the association so any issues they had with the new labelling they could tell the association and it would get passed on. Coca Cola Local and national communities are affected by Coca Cola as if Coca Cola were to market a new product in their area with a new billboard or poster on a bus shelter this would affect everyone that lived around it. NHSLocal and national communities could be affected by the NHS as say the NHS decided to build a new hospital nearby a local village this therefore would affect everyone that lived their as the village would get considerably busier, leading to more traffic, people etc. Coca Cola The Government is also a stakeholder in Coca Cola as they can put in place certain rules that the company must keep to. For example years ago Coca Cola wouldn’t have had to put how much sugar, salt, fat, calories and saturates were in a can of their product but the government decided to have an input and now they have to.The government also wants to increase jobs available for the public. NHS The government owns the NHS and therefore has a huge input with how things are run and making sure everything goes to plan. Coca Cola Links and interdependencies is links within a business. Your supplier and owners are linked as they want it to be successful so they can make profit. NHS Links and interdependencies is links within a business. Your supplier and owners are linked as they want it to be successful so they can make profit. I love men How to cite Types of Business Activity, Papers

Sink or Float free essay sample

Use the following graphic organizer and pictures to help students keep track of which objects float and which objects sink. You may want to create your own larger graphic organizer to include more items. 1. Using the page of pictures, ask students to predict whether each item will sink or float. . Ask students to cut out the pictures of the things they are testing. If you are using additional items, provide a similar sheet with pictures of those items or ask students to draw each item on the finished piece. 3. Once students have tested an item, they should glue or tape the picture of that item in the appropriate place above or below the water line. Some objects will float at the top of the water, some will be partially submerged, and some will sink to the bottom. We will write a custom essay sample on Sink or Float or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . When students have finished, they should have a piece of paper with pictures of things that float at the top of the water line, things that are partially submerged, and things that sink to the bottom. The graphic organizer should reflect where each item falls along the water line. 5. Ask students to think about why some things float and other things sink. †¢ What do the items that float have in common? †¢ What do the items that sink have in common? What did they learn about things that sink and things that float?