Physical Aging Ectocranial Suture Closure

Presentation Forensic science reformed wrongdoing examination procedures (White Folkens, 2005). There is no compelling reason to expand on its significance since honest individuals are indicted while blameworthy hoodlums are vindicated if criminological anthropologists neglect to give precise investigation of the proof gathered by law requirement offices (Katzenberg Saunders, 2008).Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Physical Aging: Ectocranial Suture Closure explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More One basic part of scientific science is the capacity to decide the age of the skeletal stays at the hour of death (Lieberman, 2011). The strategy is known as the ectocranial stitch conclusion technique. Customary grown-up skeletal maturing strategies concentrated on four principle areas of the human body: 1) the pubic symphysis; 2) auricular surface; 3) sternal rib closes; 4) cranial stitches (Cox Mays, 2000, p. 70). In any case, the focal point of this intro duction is on ectocranial stitch conclusion. Cranial stitch conclusion is a method found in the sixteenth century. Be that as it may, it was considered as an inconsistent grown-up skeletal maturing strategy. Be that as it may, anthropologists Meindl and Lovejoy reconsidered the entire procedure and thought of a reexamined strategy called the ectocranial stitch conclusion technique. Strategy This specific procedure requires the assessment of the condition of conclusion of the stitches of the skull at characterized focuses on the noggin (Meindl Lovejoy, 1985). There are two significant strides in the use of Meindl and Lovejoy’s reexamined endocranial stitch conclusion strategy. In the initial step, the anthropologist utilizes a total skull and takes information estimations from a particular stitch perception site called the Ectocranial Vault stitches. In the subsequent advance, the anthropologist takes information estimation from another stitch perception site called the Ectocr anial Lateral-Anterior stitches. These two stages contain the ectocranial stitch conclusion technique. After the foundation of the particular stitch perception destinations, the anthropologist will assemble information utilizing the reexamined technique created by Meindl and Lovejoy.Advertising Looking for report on maturing? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ten explicit locales are recorded as follows: 1) Mid-lambdoid; 2) Lambda; 3) Obelion; 4) Anterior sagittal;5) Bregma; 6) Mid-coronal; 7) Pterion; 8) Sphenofrontal; 9) Inferior Sphenofrontal; and 10) Superior Sphenofrontal (DiGangi Moore, 2012, p.78). These ten destinations were partitioned into the â€Å"vault system† and the â€Å"lateral-front system† (Steele Bramblett, 1988, p.57). It is basic that the anthropologist precisely distinguishes the particular area of the stitches in agreement to the structure created by Meindl and Lovejoy. The accompanyi ng data can help the anthropologist in deciding the real stitch areas (see Table 1). Purposes of the Skull Definition of Terms Mid-lambdoid Midpoint of every 50% of the lamboid stitch Lambda At lambda in standards lambdica of sagittal and standards lambdica of lamboid stitches Obelion At obelion in parts obelica of the sagittal stitch Anterior sagittal Point on the sagittal stitch at the crossroads of the foremost 33% and back 66% of its length (typically close to the crossroads of the standards bregmatica and standards verticis of the sagittal stitch Bregma At bregma in standards bregmatica of the coronal and standards bregmatica of the sagittal stitches Mid-coronal Midpoint of every 50% of the coronal stitch in parts muddle of the coronal stitch Pterion At pterion, the district of the upper segment of the more prominent wing of the sphenoid, as a rule where the parietosphenoid stitch meets the frontal bone Sphenofrontal Midpoint of the sphenofrontal stitch Inferior Sphenofrontal P oint of the sphenotemporal stitch lying at its convergence with a line interfacing both articular tubercles of the temporomandibular joint Superior Sphenofrontal Point on the sphenotemporal stitch lying 2 cm beneath its point with the parietal bone Table 1. Meanings of stitch perception locales. After the particular areas were recognized, the anthropologist utilizes a four-point scoring framework. The scoring framework utilizes the accompanying measures: 0 = no discernible conclusion; 1 = insignificant conclusion; 2 = huge conclusion; and 3 = complete pulverization (DiGangi Moore, 2012, p.78). In the wake of watching the ten explicit locales, the anthropologist will utilize a table of composite scores and a mean age and standard deviation for each score (DiGangi Moore, 2012, p.79). The anthropologist looks at the qualities produced and utilizes the table to decide the evaluated age of the skeleton. Research Findings The ectocranial stitch conclusion strategy should get one of the si gnificant age assurance strategies made accessible to anthropologists. The strategy depends on a solid system. It is worthwhile to utilize this specific procedure particularly with regards to deciding the age gathering. In addition, this procedure gives the capacity to decide the age of the skeleton if different methods are non-accessible. Simultaneously this method can be utilized to approve age evaluated produced by other techniques.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Physical Aging: Ectocranial Suture Closure explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The ectocranial stitch conclusion can help give an age gauge of the skeletal remains. However, researchers can't give an unmistakable clarification with regards to the relationship of stitch conclusion and age. Another significant disservice of this strategy is the wide age stretches. The expansive range spans can be an issue with regards to crime scene investigation. Scientific anthropologists are confro nted with the test to give exact appraisals old enough while thinking about human variety in the maturing procedure (Dirkmaat, 2012 p. 203). As indicated by one analysis, â€Å"the smaller, or progressively exact the age gauge given, the more accommodating it very well may be to law requirement while killing conceivable identities† (Dirkmaat, 2012 p.203). Pundits rush to call attention to that this specific procedure is an untrustworthy skeletal maturing strategy (Meindl Lovejoy, 1985 p. 57). Depreciators dismissed cranial stitch conclusion and commented that it can't be trusted (Meindl Lovejoy, 1985, p. 57). By the by, after an inside and out examination on various strategies, it was found that â€Å"no single skeletal pointer old enough at death is ever prone to precisely mirror the numerous elements which aggregate with sequential age, every one of which contribute important data to the age estimate† (Meindl Lovejoy, 1985, p. 65). It o in this way essential to useIt is along these lines basic to rethink the estimation of the ectocranial stitch conclusion as an elective apparatus in the assurance of the age of the skeleton at the hour of death. End The ectocranial stitch conclusion strategy isn't dependable with regards to exact age gauges. Anthropologists said that there are expansive age stretches. Simultaneously they can't give a reasonable clarification respects to the relationship between's stitch conclusion and age of the skeleton. Yet, this strategy is valuable with regards to the assurance old enough gatherings, regardless of whether the skeleton has a place with a kid or a grown-up. Besides, this strategy is valuable with regards to the approval old enough gauges gave by other skeletal age assurance techniques.Advertising Searching for report on maturing? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More References Cox, M Mays, S 2000, Human osteology: in archaic exploration and criminological science, Oxford University Press, UK. DiGangi, E Moore, M 2012, Research strategies in human skeletal science, Academic Press, UK. Dirkmaat, D 2012, An ally to criminological human sciences, Blackwell Publishing, UK. Katzenberg, M Saunders, S 2008, Biological humanities of the human skeleton, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. Lieberman, D 2011, The advancement of the human head, Harvard University Press, MA. Meindl, R Lovejoy, O1985, ‘Ectocranial stitch conclusion: a reconsidered technique for the assurance of skeletal age at death dependent on the horizontal front sutures’, The American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 68 no.1, pp. 57-66. Steele, D C Bramblett, 1988, The life structures and science of the human skeleton, Texas A M University Press, TX. White, T Folkens, P, 2005, The human bone manual, Elsevier Academic Press, UK. This report on Physical Aging: Ectocranial Suture Closure was composed and put together by client Ed1s0n to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

The Transformation of Roger Chillingworth essays

The Transformation of Roger Chillingworth papers In the Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, a young lady is up to speed in transgression between two men and bound to wear a letter An on her chest. Each of the three of the primary characters are delinquents. Hester Prynne submits adultry on her significant other, Roger Chillingworth, with a clergyman of the name Arthur Dimmsdale. Roger Chillingworth experiences a change that changes him from a good man of his word, to a dubious, decided man, lastly to a man contrasted with the villain. In the start of the novel, Chillingworth is viewed as an exceptionally decent medication man. From the start, the peruser nearly needs to feel for the elderly person as a result of his physical appearance and due to the way that his better half has an infant with another man. In any case, at that point, one understands that Chillingworths first sin was wedding Hester in light of the fact that he knew she never truly adored him. He concedes this to her while they aer talking in the prison cell. Mine was the primary wrong, when I double-crossed they maturing youth into a bogus and unnatural connection with my rot. Chillingworth needs to know who the dad of Hesters infant, Pearl, is, however she won't tell. Desire and outrage start to destroy Chillingworth. He is not, at this point the researcher he used to be, who commit his greatest years to take care of the ravenous dream of information. Slowly, Roger Chillingworths character starts to experience a change. In the novel, Chillingworth transforms from decent to a dubious and vengful man. From the start, the Puritans get Chillingworth well, feeling that he will help Dimmsdale. ...that Heaven had fashioned a flat out supernatural occurrence, by shipping a prominent Doctor of Physic, from a German college, substantial through the air, and putting him down at the entryway of Mr. Dimmesdale's investigation! So, Chillingwoth starts rehearsing medication on Dimmsdale and gradually presumes his as Pearls father. Chillingworth over and over attempts to unwind Dimmesdales mystery and get him t... <!

CPW Day 1

CPW Day 1 Hi everyone! CPW is in full swing. I havent been this tired in a long, long time. :-) I got here a little after 8AM, worked the registration desk until a little after 8PM, went to the Prefrosh Welcome Event in Rockwell (where Marilee spoke and the Logs sang), picked up some liquid nitrogen ice cream via the Prefrosh Festival on the way back, and Ive been back at the registration desk since a little before 10PM. Ill get out of here at midnight and can proudly say that my registration butt has been sitting on the same registration chair for 14+ hours today. Woot! Mitra has been right here with me the whole day; she is a total trooper. The good news is that this has been an ideal place to see people as they arrive on campus. Its been great to meet people in person after corresponding with them online for so many months! Ive taken a ton of pics which Ill post all at once early next week. Tomorrow should be a little more exciting for me activity-wise. Having paid my dues at the Registration Desk today, I get to float a bit more tomorrow. Looking forward to the EC bouncy ball drop (w/ strobe lights). :-) Below youll find todays pics although theyre mostly from the Registration Room, as thats where I was all day! Me, at the beginning of CPW, still with tons of evergy! :-) Mari, my guiardian angel. Matt Marilee. Me Mootmom. MoneyMan in rare form. Emily Mitra. Kelly, Lulu, Kledia, Mike Anthony check in. Me Ellen, with whom youve likely spoken if youve ever called our office. Finally free of the Reg Room, I was able to attend the welcome ceremony. Marilee is speaking in this pic followed by a performance from the Logs. Before heading back to the Reg Room for my second shift, I stopped by the Festival. Here some folks are making ice sculptures and liquid nitrogen ice cream.

Guidelines Relating to Encounter Killings - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2803 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Guidelines specific to Encounter Killings: The general procedure on the Human Right Violations was not so fruitful in ensuring proper compensation nor preventing further encounter deaths. So the National Human Rights Commission had to issue directives/guidelines specifically for Human Right violation related to encounter deaths. According to those the reports had to be submitted within a stipulated time frame and on the receipt of such reports, the NHRC investigates these cases. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Guidelines Relating to Encounter Killings" essay for you Create order Where it believes there was no apprehension of any possible injury or death to the police personnel at the hands of the criminal, and that the concerned police personnel made use of unjustified force, thus, causing grievous injury or death of an individual, the Commission is empowered to award compensation to the next of kin of the victim and even recommend the prosecution of the errant official.[1] In the year 1996, the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) while dealing with encounter killings of alleged naxals in Andhra Pradesh, pursuant to a complaint lodged by Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee, found that fake encounter killings were startlingly common and were being carried out with impunity.[2] No or very little action was initiated against the police because of absence of an independent investigation to ascertain the circumstances surrounding encounter killings. The NHRC noted that the deceased was usually arrayed as the accused in an FIR registered at the Police Station involved in the encounter killing and the case was then taken as abated on account of his death.[3] Often, the police officers who led the encounter killing also carry out the investigation and use their personal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to close the matter.[4] The NHRC had issued a set of guidelines on March 29, 1997, on the procedures to be followed by State governments while dealing with encounter deaths and sought the States views on them. This was subsequent to the NHRCs order on November 5, 1996, in a complaint against the Andhra Pradesh government, indicating the correct procedure to be followed in such cases.[5] In the guidelines, it was emphasized that all cases of suspected encounter deaths should be investigated by an independent investigating agency such as the State Criminal Investigation Department (CID) and that the delinquent police officers should be prosecuted. In the guidelines, for the first time, the then NHRC Chairperson, Justice M .N. Venkatachaliah told State governments that if an encounter death was not justified as having been caused in exercise of the legitimate right of private defence, or in proper exercise of the power of arrest under Section 46 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), the police officer causing the death would be guilty of culpable homicide. Whether the causing of death in an encounter was justified as falling under any of the two conditions could only be ascertained by proper investigation and not otherwise, he said in his letter to the Chief Ministers.[6] The NHRC found that its Guidelines were not observed in true spirit and subsequently on 02.12.2003, revised guidelines of the NHRC have been issued and it was emphasized that the States must send intimation to the Commission of all cases of deaths arising out of police encounters.[7] All the States and Union territories have been directed to send a six monthly statement of all cases of deaths in police action in the States/Uni on Territories through the Director General of Police to the NHRC.[8] In its concern that police officers engaging in encounter killings were being glorified for their criminality, the NHRC also emphasized that no gallantry awards or out-of-turn promotions be granted to the officers involved with encounter killings. Further, the NHRC has reiterated its guidelines on 12.05.2010 to all State Governments/Union Territory Administrations for investigation into cases of deaths caused in police action. The revised guidelines are as follows:[9] A. When the police officer in charge of a Police Station receives information about the deaths in an encounter between the Police party and others, he shall enter that information in the appropriate register. [10] B. Where the police officers belonging to the same Police Station are members of the encounter party, whose action resulted in deaths, it is desirable that such cases are made over for investigation to some other independent invest igating agency, such as State CBCID. C. Whenever a specific complaint is made against the police alleging commission of a criminal act on their part, which makes out a cognisable case of culpable homicide, an FIR to this effect must be registered under appropriate sections of the I.P.C. Such case shall invariably be investigated by State CBCID. [11] D. A Magisterial Inquiry must invariably be held in all cases of death which occur in the course of police action. The next of kin of the deceased must invariably be associated in such inquiry.[12] E. Prompt prosecution and disciplinary action must be initiated against all delinquent officers found guilty in the magisterial enquiry/ police investigation.[13] F. No out-of-turn promotion or instant gallantry rewards shall be bestowed on the concerned officers soon after the occurrence. It must be ensured at all costs that such rewards are given/ recommended only when the gallantry of the concerned officer is established beyond doubt.[14] G. (a) All cases of deaths in police action in the states shall be reported to the commission by the Senior Superintendent of Police/ Superintendent of Police of the District within 48 hours of such death in the following format:[15] 1. Date and place of occurrence 2. Police Station, District. 3. Circumstances leading to deaths: i. Self defence in encounter ii. In the course of dispersal of unlawful assembly iii. In the course of effecting arrest. 4. Brief facts of the incident 5. Criminal Case No. 6. Investigating Agency (b) A second report must be sent in all cases of deaths in police action in the states by the Senior Superintendent of Police/ Superintendent of Police to the commission within three months providing following information: Post mortem report Inquest report Findings of the magisterial enquiry/ enquiry by senior officers disclosing:- Names and designation of police official, if found responsible for death; Whether use of force was justified and action taken was lawful; Result of the forensic examination of hand wash of the deceased to ascertain the presence of residue of gun powder to justify the exercise of right of self-defence; and Report of the Ballistic Expert on examination of the weapons alleged to have been used by the deceased and his companions. DECIDED CASES AND COMPENSATION: Compensation has worked as a deterrent to the commission of such crimes. From the guidelines issued and the table which gives statistics on number of cases where compensation was awarded it appears that as soon one approaches NHRC, it will take necessary steps to bring immediate relief to the victims families but it is actually not. The families have struggled a lot. Only enormous public pressure will make way for independent investigation. Moreover the families of the victims has to show show extraordinary grit and determination against all odds to see the case reach a logical conclusion, some cases take ten[16] to thirty[17] long years. The number of cases in which NHRC made recommendations for compensatory monetary relief and/or disciplinary action against public servants or prosecution of public servants in a represents is significantly less compared to the complaints made, most of the cases still remain pending for compliance at various st ages. As far as the cases before 2009, it was found that from the 2560 cases of known encounter,1224 cases are categorized as fake encounters, and the NHRC has ordered for compensation of a few lakhs in only 16 cases.[18] Usually the state government pays the victim and recovers the same amount from the accused official. Some states have been seen to be resistant to the payment of compensation to the victims or their families, and instead insist on waiting for a court of law to establish guilt on the part of the accused official, which is very difficult to prove in such cases since there are invariably no witnesses. Though, in recent years, there has been improvement in the rate of deciding cases and in the number of cases where compensation awarded, the rate of prosecution is still pathetic. In fact there is not even one reported case of prosecution of the cases inquired by NHRC. Only a very less number of cases which are brought into notice to the Higher Judiciary was delive red justice. TABLE VI STATEMENT SHOWING STATEWISE NO. OF CASES REGISTERED ON THE BASIS OF INTIMATION DURING THE LAST THREE YEARS AND CURRENT YEAR UPTO 15/11/2013 ABOUT DEATH DUE TO POLICE ACTION/FAKE ENCOUNTER[19] *TCR TOTAL CASES REGISTERED *D DISPOSED CASES *P PENDING CASES TABLE VII STATEMENT SHOWING NO. OF CASES (INCLUDING CARRY FORWARD) REGARDING DEATH IN ENCOUNTER BY POLICE ( INTIMATION AND ALLEGED) WHERE NHRC RECOMMENDED MONETARY RELIEF,DISCIPLINARY ACTION AND PROSECUTION DURING THE LAST THREE YEARS AND CURRENT YEAR UPTO 15/11/2013[20] Immunities One of the factors that not only promote the security forces to involve in encounter killings but also protects the perpetrators is that immunity that is given under various legislations in India. The word immunity serves good only in the field of medicine. When it comes human right violations, the actual protectors turn perpetrators, thanks to wide immunity powers given by means of discretion. The culture and legal structure of immunity has allowed the most fundamental violations of human rights by the Government officials in the form of encounter killings to go unchecked. The only reason the security forces has the nerve to commit fake encounter because of the confidence that they can get away with it. The immunity to the officials is given in the form of encouragement and then as safeguarding them. Encouragement means the legislative provisions which grant police, security, and other government officials with widespread powers that we discussed in the previous chapters. Safeguarding provisions comes in the form of sanctions that are to be given by the government to prosecute any official who abused their powers. The constitution itself is partly at fault because it provides authority to parliament to enact laws creating both official and sovereign immunity, and is otherwise silent with respect to impunity.[21] Article 34 gives absolute immunity to the armed forces by a law ma de by legislature.[22] In turn, over the course of, the Government of India has passed various laws that effectively shield government officials from criminal and civil suits (official immunity), and protect the government and its entities from being sued for damages for abuses committed by officials (sovereign immunity).[23] The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, and several local laws contribute to the arsenal of weapons available to the states police officers and administrative officials. Legislation such as the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Armed Forces Special; Powers Act, and the Jammu and Kashmir Disturbed Areas Act each contribute to an atmosphere of impunity in India that is out of step with international standards and is damaging to democracy. The combined effect of the AFSPA, UAPA and certain clauses in the Indian Penal Code and Criminal Procedure Code override many of the protections established by the Indian Constitution, and in other sections of the India n Penal Code and the Criminal Procedure Code. The Protection of Human Rights Act establishing the NHRC does not contain enough force to combat the dangerous provisions in the national security and anti-terrorism measures so effectively enacted, and the result is more human rights violations and police brutality. Such problematic legal provisions are compounded by judicial delay, costly trials and lack of proper investigation of abuses. The requirement of the consent of the central or state government for the prosecution of officials under section 197 of the CrPC and of the central government under section 7 of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, prevents full redress for violations, and reinforces the climate of impunity for the security forces. The National Human Rights Commission has acknowledged this in its support for the recommendation of the Law Commission in 1985, that section 197 CrPC be amended to obviate the necessity for sanction.[24] Immunity under CRPC Secti on 197 is a giant step toward sweeping defacto official immunity as it deprives courts of jurisdiction over an alleged criminal offence committed by a government official or member of the armed forces while acting or purporting to act within the discharge of his official duty unless it first obtains authorization from the requisite central or state government.[25] Section 197 seeks à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“to protect responsible public servants against the institution of possibly vexatious criminal proceedings for offences alleged to have been committed by them. This protection has certain limits and is available only when the alleged act done by the public servant is reasonably connected with the discharge of his official duty and is not merely a cloak for doing an objectionable act. Use of the expression official duty implies that the act or omission must have been done by the public servant in the course of his service and that it should have been done in discharge of his duty. Can a f ake encounter, a deliberate murder, ever meet this test a reasonable connection with official duty?[26] In several cases the First Information Reports (FIRs) have been filed with police and forwarded to judicial magistrates for investigation to determine whether a trial can commence. Advocates representing the security forces concerned have then filed review petitions challenging the right of magistrates to investigate offences alleged to have been perpetrated by members of the security forces, on the grounds that they do not have the jurisdiction to hear such cases. This has had the effect of stalling the legal process.[27] The review petitions invoke section 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), under which no court can take cognizance of an offence alleged to have been committed by a public servant or member of the Armed Forces while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty except with the previous sanction of the central or state government. One of the biggest problems is there is no timeframe in this provision. A timeframe which says that within so many months the Government must grant sanction and what if the Government fails to give on time, will be deemed to be granted? The government should also provide reasons so it looks like application of mind has taken place and its a speaking order which would be justiciable. Since none of these has been answered and there are no proper framework, this provision acts as absolute immunity. When Cr.P.C fails to protect the police from prosecution, self defence under IPC comes in handy. [1] National Human Rights Commission, Record of discussion Between NHRC UNSR On Extrajudicial, Summary Or Arbitrary Executions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2012 The interaction of the National Human Rights Commission with the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, Mr. Christof Heyns, was held in the National Human Rights Commission Conference Room on 22.03.2012 at 11:30 AM under the Chairmanship of Justice Shri GP Mathur, Member, NHRC. Available at : https://nhrc.nic.in/Documents/Reports/Record Note UN Spl.Rapporteur on Extra-Judicial Powers.pdf [2] Decision of NHRC in A.P.C.L.C, File Nos. 234(1) to (6)/93-94/NHRC( November 5, 1996), available at https://nhrc.nic.in/Documents/CasesOfEncounterDeaths.pdf [3] Ibid [4] Ibid [5] Ibid [6] https://nhrc.nic.in/Documents/CasesOfEncounterDeaths.pdf [7] https://mha1.nic.in/par2013/par2014-pdfs/rs-190214/2718.pdf [8] https://nhrc.nic.in/Documents/RevisedGuidelinesDealingInEncounterDeaths.pdf [ 9] https://nhrc.nic.in/documents/Death During the course of Police Action.pdf [10] Ibid [11] Ibid [12] Ibid [13] Ibid [14] Ibid [15] [16] Pushkar Raj and Shobha Sharma, Encounter culture and accountability of police, available at: https://www.pucl.org/Topics/Police/2007/encounter_culture.html [17] https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Justice-after-31-years-Three-cops-get-death-penalty-for-plotting-DSPs-murder-in-fake-encounter/articleshow/19398386.cms [18] https://www.ndtvmi.com/b4/dopesheets/aastha.pdf [19]Loksabha unstarred q.no.1979 for 17.12.2013 available at https://164.100.47.132/Annexture/lsq15/15/au1979.htm [20] Ibid [21] Noorani.A.G, Challenges to civil rights guarantees in India 239 (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2012) [22] Article 34 :Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area: 4 Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, Parliament may by law indemnify any person in the service of the Union or of a State or any other person in respect of any act done by him in connection with the maintenance or restoration of order in any area within the territory of India where martial law was in force or validate any sentence passed, punishment inflicted, forfeiture ordered or other act done under martial law in such area. [23]South Asian Human Rights Documentation Centre(SAHRDC) : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Eliminating Sovereign and Official Immunity in Fundamental Human Rights Cases: SAHRDCs submission to the National Commissionfor theReviewof theWorking of the Constitutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 5 January 2001 [24] National Human Rights Commission, Annual Report 1995-96 [25] Supra 94 [26] Noorani.A.G, What Pathribal means for India, The Hindu July.26, 2013 [27] Amnesty International, Report : India: Official Sanction for killings in Manipur  available at https://www.upr-info.org/IMG/pdf/COHR_IND_UPR_S1_2008anx_Annex_XVII_Official_Sanction_fo r_Killings_in_Manipur_AI_re.pdf

Nissan S Operations Management Essay - 1127 Words

Operations management 1. One of the improvement initiatives that helped to win the Sunderland plant a new model was a four-year programme. It started eight years before the new model was due to start production. Why do you think it takes eight years for initiatives like this to come to fruition? Definition Operations management focuses on carefully managing the processes to produce and distribute products and services to its users. A great deal of focus is on efficiency and effectiveness of processes. Therefore, operations management often includes substantial measurement and analysis of internal processes, for example, retail, manufacturing, whole sale.etc. Background One may generally consider that there are three distinct†¦show more content†¦Nissan Sunderland plant has achieved spectacular results in productivity and efficiency, and therefore has developed a very strong reputation which does not happen overnight. There are numerous business improvement initiatives that can be used by organisations to continually improve quality, productivity and sustainability towards achieving excellence. The initiatives can be approaches, systems, tools and/or techniques such as TQM, JIT, Lean Kaizen. Many organisations try to implement these initiatives to try and cure all organisation problems. In reality, however, none of the individual initiatives can solve all problems effectively in the organisation. Each initiative has a role to play towards achieving business excellence. Managing change among employees Some initiatives are more affective under certain situations (Ricondo Viles, 2005). However attempting to apply any initiative in isolation will only provide short term benefits (Dale McOutor 1998, Dale 2007, icondo Viles 2005). It is also believed that the attitude of people is key to business improvement initiatives. 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The below paper describes how proper operations management practices will help with the recovery of Nissan. â€Å"Operations Management (OM) is the set of activities that creates value in the form of goods and services by transforming inputs into outputs† (Heizer Render, 2014). Nissan uses operations management functions, such as organizing, leading, planning, staffing, and controllingRead MoreNissan Motors And Its Impact On The Industrial Era1009 Words   |  5 PagesNissan motors was not always the name of Nissan cars it did not receive the name that we know so much about until 1934 . In 1933 Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. was created and took over all operations for manufacturing from the automobile division of Tobata Casting Co., Ltd. Yoshisuke Aikawa is the founder and leader of the Nissan combine. He had goals on producing more that 15,000 units per year. 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Nissan is always seeking to strengthen its risk management systems in order to better prepare for natural disasters and other emergency situations. While maintaining close communication with its suppliers and each of its global bases, Nissan continue to work hard to minimize risk and keep going smoothl y as it goes (Shiga, 2012)Read MoreCase Study : Nissan Motor Company Ltd1401 Words   |  6 PagesMilestone #1 – Managing Operations Jonathan Wronski Southern New Hampshire University QSO-300 April 23, 2016 â€Æ' Using the case study titled Nissan Motor Company Ltd.: Building Operational Resiliency (Schmidt, Simchi-Levi, 2013), the goal of this paper is to evaluate how Nissan uses operations management functions to provide products and generate value for its customers and achieve a competitive advantage, and will compare and contrast service operations and manufacturing operations. This paper will alsoRead MoreTheories And Techniques. A. Summarize The Following Theories:869 Words   |  4 Pagesthe advantages and disadvantages for using each of these concepts at the company presented in the case study. Just-in-time: Just-in-time is an approach of continuous and forced problem solving through a focus on throughput and reduced inventory. Nissan takes advantage of JIT through reduced inventory levels and relying on a supply chain to deliver the parts needed to build its cars. The major benefit to JIT is that production runs remain short and the costs are reduced through less waste in warehouseRead MoreCarlos and Nissan: Managing Global Financial Risk766 Words   |  3 PagesWhat Carlos and Nissan did in order to manage global financial risk and why? Carlos and Nissan managed global financial crisis by changing the way the company did business by shifting from the Japanese culturally approved concept and moved to the American way of cutting cost and increasing productivity which helped them to prosper and since Carlos Ghosn came from a multicultural background he didnt find difficulty doing that. Carlos Ghosn first determined how deep financial stagnation was andRead MoreCase Study : Nissan s Risk Management Plan Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesNissan Motors uses operations management functions to provide products and generate value for its customers by making the decision to maintain and to simplify their product line compared to their competitors. Their motor assembly department adopted to build to stock, and build to order strategies which gives them a competitive advantage over their competitors. The built to order strategy is the strategy that the design of vehicles is based on demands of the customers. By having this strategy the

Types of Business Activity Free Essays

The Coca Cola Company is a global company that makes soft drinks. It is most known for producing the soft drink Coca Cola. The company claims that the drink is sold in more than 200 countries and is produced in Atlanta, Georgia. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Business Activity or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was originally intended as a patent medicine when it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton; Coca Cola was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose marketing tactics led Coke to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the 20th century.The Coca Cola Company is a public organisation that’s sole aim is to provide a quality soft drink to consumers and to maximise profits while doing this. The company is in the secondary sector of business as it only sells a product, this being soft drinks. Business Purposes Coca Cola exists because at the time there was a gap in the market for soft drinks. Today Coca Cola is the most successful soft drinks manufacturer in the world and they make a lot of profit. A profit organisation is a company such as Coca Cola. A non-profit organisation is an organisation such as the NHS.The main reason for this is because both organisations have different reasons for the business, so therefore different objectives. Some companies may choose to make a loss on certain products, this is initially because they want to get new customers to try there product, they make sure the price is really cheap so the customers will purchase it and try it, and once the customers have tried it they will then bump their prices back up to make a profit. The NHS for example makes a loss so that everyone can afford health care because they want to provide a service. The NHS also will pay private health care organisations such as BUPA to take some patients away from them to reduce waiting time so customers are happier with the service provided. Coca Cola supply their products through other companies, they sell their products to them and that’s how they make their profit. They also have vending machines that are stocked up by Coca Cola themselves. Owners Coca Cola Coca Cola is a public limited company which means that it is permitted to offer its shares to the public.This means shares are sold on the stock market, and if stock increases then the value of the stock also increases so the public make profit. NHS The NHS is part of a government department funded by taxpayer’s money. This therefore means everyone in the country can get healthcare for free. Stakeholders Stakeholders are anyone that has an interest in the business, for example at a local college a stakeholder could be a local resident who lives near the college. They could be affected if litter from the college is outside their house.Other stakeholders such as customers interested in purchasing clothes from a shop want to maximise quality on the clothes but don’t want to pay too much. Another stakeholder could be an employee, they want to maximise their salary but want job security. Coca Cola Customers are stakeholders of Coca Cola as they purchase the product with the intent to be satisfied with the quality of it and to fulfil the needs of the customer and to be rewarded with special offers etc. They also don’t want to pay too much for it but still want a high quality product and finally good customer service and want to be rewarded for their loyalty.NHS My second organisation is the NHS. The customers of the NHS want high quality healthcare but not to pay too much for it through their taxes. They also want the hospital to be fairly close to them. Coca Cola Employees are another stakeholder as they are employed by Coca Cola to either create the product, market or distribute the product. While doing this they want to be paid very well, have flexible working hours, job security, chance of promotion, have a good amount of holiday, get sick pay and get some sort of health care.Another point is that employees want to work for ethical organisations; this means that they feel that the company works in the right way and does not exploit anyone. NHS The employees who work for the NHS are also stakeholders and like Coca Cola want to be paid well, have flexible hours and to have job security. Coca Cola Suppliers are affected by they want to purchase the product in bulk for the intent to sell onto customers for a profit, so originally they want to purchase the product for as lit tle as possible so they can make a bigger profit when they sell it onto the customers. The supplier also wants the company they are giving to, to be successful, the reason for this is because the more successful they are then they are going to come back to purchase more products. The size of the supplier and the company can matter as well. The reason for this is because if the supplier is bigger than the company they can dictate how much they want to sell the product for etc, where as if the company is bigger than the supplier then they can have more of a say for how much they want to purchase the product. NHSThe suppliers who give the NHS equipment and drugs etc want to be paid well for the products they are selling to the NHS and to make sure they stay faithful by continuing to purchase products from them Coca Cola The owners of the company have a say in what they think the company be doing and how they want it to be run, they have lots of authority and want their company to be as successful as possible while making a huge profit. They also want to increase their rep utation and also increase their market share, as their looking at the bigger picture, so in the future they are likely to be more financially secure and increase profits.The owner also wants to take control of as many shares as possible and make sure the shares are worth as much as they can be. NHS The owners of the NHS want to make sure that the service being given out is high quality healthcare and advice and making sure customers are happy with the service provided. Coca Cola Pressure groups are groups that are external to the business and are set up because they have an issue with something the company is doing.Pressure groups may decide to protest against Coca Cola because they believe it is unhealthy and is aimed at parent’s children and that is making them unhealthy, or maybe in less developed countries the water they are using to make the product is mostly being used for their product and the people need the water to survive. These people will protest against the company because of their beliefs, values and opinions. NHS Pressure groups that are affected by the NHS are groups that think the ervice is poor and maybe they aren’t happy with how they were treated by the service. They may also protest because of waiting times and waiting lists. Coca Cola Trade unions represent the workers of a business. The reason for this is so they can look out for them and bring up any issues that the workers have with the company. These issues can be anything from salary, benefits, holiday, how they are treated, sick pay or if jobs are at stake and some people may be made redundant then the workers may decide to strike and the trade union will look after them.NHS Trade Unions represent the workers of the NHS, so this is the doctors, nurses etc. The reason for this is so they can look out for them and bring up any issues that the workers have with the company. These issues can be anything from salary, benefits, holiday, how they are treated, and sick pay or if jobs are at stake and some people may be made redundant then the workers may decide to strike and the trade union will look after them Coca Cola Employee associations are used for firms and represent different organisations.Employee associations represent a handful of firms instead of just one because for example when the government got tough on labelling for food and drinks this affected Coca Cola and they would be represented by the association so any issues they had with the new labelling they could tell the association and it would get passed on. Coca Cola Local and national communities are affected by Coca Cola as if Coca Cola were to market a new product in their area with a new billboard or poster on a bus shelter this would affect everyone that lived around it. NHSLocal and national communities could be affected by the NHS as say the NHS decided to build a new hospital nearby a local village this therefore would affect everyone that lived their as the village would get considerably busier, leading to more traffic, people etc. Coca Cola The Government is also a stakeholder in Coca Cola as they can put in place certain rules that the company must keep to. For example years ago Coca Cola wouldn’t have had to put how much sugar, salt, fat, calories and saturates were in a can of their product but the government decided to have an input and now they have to.The government also wants to increase jobs available for the public. NHS The government owns the NHS and therefore has a huge input with how things are run and making sure everything goes to plan. Coca Cola Links and interdependencies is links within a business. Your supplier and owners are linked as they want it to be successful so they can make profit. NHS Links and interdependencies is links within a business. Your supplier and owners are linked as they want it to be successful so they can make profit. I love men How to cite Types of Business Activity, Papers

Sink or Float free essay sample

Use the following graphic organizer and pictures to help students keep track of which objects float and which objects sink. You may want to create your own larger graphic organizer to include more items. 1. Using the page of pictures, ask students to predict whether each item will sink or float. . Ask students to cut out the pictures of the things they are testing. If you are using additional items, provide a similar sheet with pictures of those items or ask students to draw each item on the finished piece. 3. Once students have tested an item, they should glue or tape the picture of that item in the appropriate place above or below the water line. Some objects will float at the top of the water, some will be partially submerged, and some will sink to the bottom. We will write a custom essay sample on Sink or Float or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . When students have finished, they should have a piece of paper with pictures of things that float at the top of the water line, things that are partially submerged, and things that sink to the bottom. The graphic organizer should reflect where each item falls along the water line. 5. Ask students to think about why some things float and other things sink. †¢ What do the items that float have in common? †¢ What do the items that sink have in common? What did they learn about things that sink and things that float?

Essay Sample on the Mission of the Community College

Essay Sample on the Mission of the Community College South Carolina. Minority students represent 6 to 8 percent of all students enrolled in higher education, yet they constitute nearly 60 percent of the total enrollment in community colleges. These enrollment trends have been consistent over the last 25 years (Nora 1993). Attrition rates of both minorities and non-minorities continue to be a serious problem in most community colleges. Figures on the persistence rates of community college students reported 10 or even 20 years ago are no different today than those cited in earlier studies. In a national study of minority and non-minority student populations in both two and four-year institutions, attrition rates for all groups are still high. While the attrition rates at certain institutions may imply that students are not dropping out as much as in the past, the researchers note that the withdrawal trend at community colleges is still widespread, especially with regard to minority students. Attrition rates for minority students in two-year colleges is at about 60 percent and in some instances is as high as 80 percent (Nora and Rendà ³n 1998). It has been argued that students enrolled in community colleges are not often part of middle and upper-middle-class America. Instead, they are often members of minority groups, and typically are less academically prepared in high school, do not have a high aspiration to achieve academically, do not aim for a college degree, and are less likely to be enrolled full-time (Cohen 1989). These characteristics contribute to the high dropout rates of community college students ( Tinto 1987). Dougherty (1992) has found, however, that even when controlling for background, ability, high school record, and aspirations, students at community colleges are 10 to 18 percent more likely to drop out of college sometime during the first two years than students at four-year colleges with similar backgrounds, abilities, and aspirations. Student characteristics alone have not explained, and do not explain, the high dropout behavior of community college students. It has also been stated that the mission of community colleges is driven by a strong commitment to occupational, remedial, and community, and adult education. Cohen (1988, 398) notes that For the past 25 years, occupational education that leads to direct employment has been high on the priority list of these institutions. One would not expect that the number of community college students graduating with an associate degree in liberal arts would constitute the majority of associate degrees earned in two-year colleges. Furthermore, this view, along with the fact that more than 60 percent of minority students are enrolled in community colleges, may lead one to assume that a larger proportion of associate degrees earned in occupational fields would be conferred on minority students. This is not the case. Sixty percent of associate degrees earned mainly in occupational fields are awarded to non-minority students. Even in those two-year institutions in which the majority of students enroll ed were minorities, the vast majority of all degrees were earned by white students (Nora and Rendà ³n 1998). While community colleges have always prided themselves with having an open-door policy intended to serve those underrepresented in four-year colleges and universities, enrollment figures for high-tech and other occupational programs reveal that minority students continue to be underrepresented in those areas (Dougherty 1992). The idea that the door is open to all groups in all programs at community colleges may be open to discussion. So how exactly are minorities affected by the admissions process? Recent court decisions such as the Hopwood case and later interpretations by university administrators and boards will not have an impact on two-year colleges. The exclusion of race in the admissions process, a process that is unfairly biased against minorities , will only work to lower the acceptance rates of this part of the population at research universities. Lowering the number of minorities at research universities, along with corresponding high attrition rates and low transfer rates, could ultimately exclude minorities from fully participating in society. Access to higher education will fall on two-year institutions as the only segue into four-year institutions, in order for minorities to obtain an undergraduate degree. The future of the representation of all members of our society in graduate and professional schools is greatly affected by the lack of a baccalaureate degree. It has been stated that community co lleges are allied with the democratic principles of equal opportunity and open access (Cohen and Brawer 1990). Valadez (1996) argues, however, that although community colleges provide access they have not necessarily provided opportunity for lower socioeconomic groups to achieve social mobility (391). Pascarella and Terenzini (1998) addressed the challenges students and faculty will face in the next century by stating, Shifts identified in the profile of the undergraduate student body and in the economic and political climate in which higher education finds itself are accompanied by a rapidly emerging and expanding array of computer and information technologies (159). Community Colleges are being urged to utilize and teach as much new technology as possible for two reasons. First, for students attending two-year institutions, who are not planning to transfer and earn an undergraduate degree, the ability to get a job will be adversely affected by not having the technological skills to compete and succeed in the labor market. Second, the role of community colleges is central to the retention of our country as it is today. Those individuals who are in a position to lose their jobs because machines, technology, and the economy have replaced them must find a way to prepare themselves to get back into the workforce. As the only means of access to higher education for many, community colleges must continue to keep their admissions process as painless as possible. Businesses examine the wants and needs of their customers in order to better serve them. Maybe community colleges should ask their students, and potential students once what they see as the mission for community colleges.

Abbreviations in Science and Technology

Abbreviations in Science and Technology Abbreviations in Science and Technology Abbreviations in Science and Technology By Mark Nichol Because of the bewildering variety of abbreviations for scientific and technological terms and the inconsistency of treatment, writers and editors are advised to consult with publications like The Chicago Manual of Style or a handbook specific to a scientific discipline or to an industry to confirm standard modes of abbreviation for specific terms. This post provides an assortment of examples that demonstrate the seemingly chaotic nature of scientific and technological abbreviation. Abbreviations for scientific and technological terms generally do not use periods; an exception is physical dimensions for nonmetric quantities such as gr. for grain, qt. for quart, and bbl. for barrel and temporal abbreviations such as sec. (second), hr. (hour), and mo. (month). Note, too, that unlike abbreviations for physical dimensions, those for durations of time include an s when they are plural: â€Å"15 mins.,† â€Å"5 yrs.,† etc.). Abbreviations of metric units are almost invariably lowercased; an exception is mL for milliliter, so that a lowercase l is not confused for the numeral 1. The format of abbreviation of US units of measure is inconsistent. Sometimes, abbreviations may consist of the first two letters of a word (for example, mi. for mile); in other cases, the abbreviation may be formed from the first and last letters (as in yd. for yard). Rarely, an abbreviation of a foreign term is used, as with lb. instead of po. or pd. for pound, while the abbreviation oz. for ounce is based on the medieval Italian form onza. Just as these abbreviations are usually appropriate only for charts and tables, not for what is called running text (the prevailing content in a publication distinct from display copy- headlines, captions, and the like- and graphic elements such as charts and tables), symbols are usually avoided in running text, but the percentage symbol (%) is occasionally used there, especially in statistically dense content, as are symbols for minutes and seconds in time or distance. However, these should be style as primes (†²) and double primes (†³), although some publications use straight, or dumb, quotation marks ( or ) or even curly, or smart, ones (’ or †). Capitalization of scientific and technological terms is variable, sometimes even for terms in the same category. Just as the first letter for the abbreviation of tablespoon is capitalized to distinguish Tbsp. from the abbreviation for teaspoon (tsp.), Bps (for â€Å"bytes per second†) and bps (for â€Å"bits per second†) are distinguished by initial capitalization of the former but not the latter, and abbreviation of megabit and megabyte are distinguished as Mb and MB, though kilobit is abbreviated kb, while kilobyte is shortened to KB (or simply K). The first letter of the abbreviations for â€Å"kilobyte per second† (Kbps) and â€Å"megabyte per second† (Mbps) is also capitalized. Abbreviations of scientific units named for scientists have initial capitalization, though the spelled-out terms themselves are lowercased- for example, Bq (becquerel), Da (dalton), and J (joule). This is true of abbreviations of words based on surnames, such as F for farad (an abbreviation of Faraday) and V for volt (from Volta). And because the -bel in decibel is in honor of Alexander Graham Bell, that segment of the word for a unit of measurement of sound is capitalized in abbreviation to dB. Likewise, the first letter in Btu is capitalized because it stands for British. (The other letters stand for thermal and units.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†Deck the HallsPersonification vs. Anthropomorphism

The uniform Commercial Code Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The uniform Commercial Code - Essay Example The UCC is used by every jurisdiction in the United States except for Louisiana. Article 2 of the statute only governs a contract for the sale of goods (movable property only)2, and is most often used to resolve contract disputes of that nature. Other types of transactions are governed by the different Article in the UCC. The statute is governed by TARR, which refers to tender, acceptance, rejection and revocation. When a buyer intends to purchase goods, he is entitled to reject such goods, if the goods do not meet the conditions set out in the contract (tender stage). A buyer may accept the goods in such belief, that the manufacture will repair the problems, which are under warranty (acceptance stage). However, if a buyer finds a problem with the goods, he may reject the goods within the reasonable time (rejection stage), or during the revocation stage. The provisions of UCC are applicable to the sale of goods in the United States; however, it is subject to United Nations convention for the international sale of goods if parties to a contract choose not to be governed by the statute. Applicability of the UCC Sections Relative to Zabriskie Case In this case, Mr. Zabriskie purchased a new car 1966 Chevrolet Biscayne and gave a check for payment. Later on he went for a drive with the said car on the same day, it got spoilt within 2.5 miles away, and he immediately gave instructions for the said check not to be paid. The dealer argued that he (buyer) could not reject the car as he had taken a test drive and was satisfied vehicle. He also argued that it was a reasonable opportunity for him to inspect the product. The court held that: Driving for a few miles was significant to the buyer, since it was his reasonable opportunity to enjoy his new vehicle and to see if it conforms to the agreement. How long the buyer may have driven the new car under the guise of inspection is not an issue as it is within the ambit of a reasonable opportunity to inspect. If the consumer has used the new car for a long period of time, article 2 of the UCC3 provides that a buyer may refuse to accept the goods if the defects impair the goods too much. The article also provides this when the buyer has accepted the goods without discovery of non-conformity because it was difficult to discover, or if he was assured that non-conformity would be repaired. In explaining the reasoning, the court defined non-conformity substantially impairing the value of the vehicle as: 1) Having many small defects whose cumulative value added up to a big impairment- This is the â€Å"shake faith† doctrine first stated in the Zabriskie case. 2) One that includes a failure or refusal to repair the goods under the warranty- Substantial non-conformity and lemon laws often defines what may be considered a substantial impairment. Public Policy Consideration That Support the Decision in the Zabriskie Case and Other Cases like It Courts’ main function is the administration of justice to all who come seeking justice. In doing so, they are guided by the principles of fairness and reasonableness in delivering judgments. When it comes to contracts, courts may refuse to enforce contracts containing unconscionable clauses at the time of formation or only enforce the remainder of the contract without the unconscionable clause to prevent oppression and unfair surprises to buyers; this principle was considered in the Zabriski

Unemployment Rate or GDP OR CPI Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unemployment Rate or GDP OR CPI - Research Paper Example Thus, since GDP is a full representation of economic growth and production, it has a relatively large impact on nearly every aspect in the economy. When a certain economy is considered healthy, there are a number of related characteristics; low rate of unemployment and an increase in the level of wages as many businesses demand more labor in order to cater for the ever growing economy (Brezina, 20). Any slight change in the level of GDP is significant to a given economy since it affects the entire stock market. Economists have always argued that any bad economy is always associated with lower profits which implies that there are lower prices o stock in the markets. Thus, many investors in any economy will ever worry about the negative growth of GDP as it is a sole factor used to determine if an economy is on recession or not. A recession is associated with declining revenues in businesses, unemployment and layoffs (Lochner, 3). Moreover, when the growth rate of GDP is relatively fast, most Federal Reserve raise the rates of interest in order to stem inflation or rather the increasing prices in an economy. This could imply that the loans which are meant for homes and cars will become more expensive and thus businesses will experience high cost of borrowing. GDP is an extremely important measure in any country’s economy. Despite the fact that GDP cannot be easily determined, its value represents so many aspects in any given economy. This measure is significant to overall spending of a nation since depressions and recessions of a particular country are largely caused by the overall rate of spending. Furthermore, GDP is a measure of confidence since when the government, companies and individuals spend; it is a likely indication of a growing economy. However, when no one is spending, it is a likely indication of a contracting economy. Therefore, this

Approaches to Manpower Planning Process in Construction

Approaches to Manpower Planning Process in Construction Introduction Man power planning is concerned with coordinating, motivating and controlling of the various activities of the people within the organisation. An effective manpower planning requires a careful assessment of the future needs of the organisation and it is a procedure used in organisation to balance future requirements for all levels of employee with the availability of such employees. Manager has to reasonably predict future events and plan out the production. The plans need to be supported by all the members of the organisation. Managers are required to estimate the business needs of the organisation and plan for the resources needed to realise the business goals. Manpower Planning Process The process of man power planning is reviewing current resources, predicting future requirements and ensuring that the demand and supply of people and skills is balanced. With understaffing, the organisation loses projects, economies of specialisation and scale and profits. Overstaffing results in losses in terms of salaries and competence. Analyse existing manpower in the Organisation Personnel planning begin with a clear understanding of the current Personnel situation in the company. An analysis of current employment categories, the number of employee currently in post, knowledge and skills available of them are important steps in the manpower planning. An assessment of the training development potential of existing employees and analysis employee turnover rate in the organisation also include the process. Forecast future requirements of manpower Forecasting is typically anticipates future staffing requirements. Strategies are formulated to not only anticipate their needs over time, but to consider optimal solutions for the long term and under challenging economic conditions. Organisations with a plan in place, and a keen understanding of their long-range objectives, may instead decide to weather the economic changes and keep trained, talented, and dedicated staff in place for the inevitable business uptrend. Job Analysis Job analysis is the process of studying and collecting information relating to the operations and responsibilities of a specific job. The immediate products of this analysis are job description and job specification. Before the recruitment takes place it is essential to determine, the duties, responsibility and requirement of a particular job and relationship with other jobs and positions within the organisational hierarchy. 3.4.0 Job evaluation Job evaluation is an attempt to determine and compare demands, which the normal performance of a particular job makes on normal workers without taking into account the individual abilities or performance of the workers concerned. The aim of job evaluation is to determine systematically a jobà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s relative worth. It is a formal and systematic comparison of jobs to determine the worth of one job relative to another and eventually results in a wage or salary hierarchy. 3.5.0 Recruitment and Selection Employee recruitment forms a major part of an organisations overall resourcing strategies, which identify and secure people needed for the organisation to survive and succeed in the short to medium term. Recruitment and selection are usually considered as one process. Recruitment needs to be carefully planned in order to attract the right type of applicant. Ultimately, this increases the chances of making a suitable selection and appointment. Recruitment activities need to be responsive to the ever increasingly competitive market to secure suitably qualified and capable recruits at all levels. To be effective these initiatives need to include how and when to source the best recruits internally or externally. 3.6.0 Training and Development of Employee After the recruitment and selection of an employee, is to provide the employee training and development facilities. New employee usually, is not fully fit at the time of procurement some training is always essential. The organisation, along with the individual, is responsible for training for specific jobs or positions according to their level. Development can occur formally or informally, as people grow and learn to adapt by using their education and training. Training programmes will be based upon extent of diversification, expansion plans, development programmes etc. Training programmes depend upon the extent of improvement in technology and advancement to take place. It is also done to improve upon the skills, capabilities, knowledge of the workers. 4.0.0 Barriers of Manpower Planning and Practical solutions Manpower planning is a key to successful management practises, which is link to business strategies of the organisation. However, there are some problems with manpower planning both short term as well as long term. 4.1.0 Economy Downturn For example, according to various sources, in the past recent years there was a boom at UAE, more development projects, infrastructure projects and real estate project was stared. The sharp increase in construction, along with other key factors, has meant the industry was seeing a lack of skilled construction staff. The demand for certain categories of employees and skill is also influenced by changes in social structure in an economy. Firms employing in construction have greatly enhanced the worth of technicians, surveyors and engineers during the last couple of years. In contrast the present climate of economic and labour market in UAE is downturn therefore Companies operating in fields compel to reduce their workforce due to high competition and short of new construction and development projects. This type of economy changes is occurring confusion of proper manpower planning. Solution The huge boom of construction and development field in UAE now over, while the present it going to down little by little but various source of news says [TopNews Arab Emirates] it expect to recover in near future. The boom time there was shortage of skill workman like Engineers, surveyor and Technicians in the firms but now excess. In some situations even after implementing some of the above cost saving initiatives, redundancies can still become inevitable and this can pose significant challenges for an employer as many complex issues need to be addressed including legal, labour union, compensation, natural turnover of workers of the company and future economic changes of the region. The practical way to approach the current situation is to preparation of well designed profile of employees of organisation. It will help to identify employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s information not directly related to on the job skills and performance. The overall profile of the workforce generated is a vital aid to management decision making on things like redundancy. It can highlight impending problems, such as the retirement of employees, and the need for fresh recruitment training and developments. And it will help to analyse the sort of workforce envisaged at the end of the exercise, the utility of retraining, redeployment and transfers, what the appropriate recruitment levels might be. Such an analysis can be presented to senior managers so that the cost benefit of various methods of reduction can be assessed, and the time taken to meet targets established. 4.2.0 Changes in Technology Past years of time, the technology changes are more rapid and pervasive than ever before in the context of the organisation and its interface with the environment. Such changes in technology make manpower planning redundant or obsolete and ineffective. For example, Speed house group of companies [http://www.speedhouse.com/about-us.htm] well reputed House Construction Company in UAE recently utilisation of advance computer base systems to design such as current and future programme needs, home schedule and budget constructions to give facility for their customers. Utilisation of advanced technology is generally accompanied by less demand for low skilled workers and more demand for knowledgeable workers. Computerisation programs for office work and modern machinery in construction sites may reduce demand in some job categories (eg. clerks, book keepers and who had less knowledge to operate the computer prgrammes) while increasing it in another like workers with sound knowledge to opera ting modern high-tech tools and computer base programms. High technology with all its attendant benefits may compel organisations to go lean and downsize workforce suddenly. Employment planning under such situations becomes complicated. Solution Rapid changes in technology are cause serious mismatches between the jobs that are available and the number of people with the necessary skills to fill those jobs. In addition, rising levels of education have brought with them rising expectations among employees at all level. Some jobs are held by individuals who have more advanced skills or training than is needed. Sometimes the task can be done by a lower-level worker, rather than, an example is university educated employee. The manager should bring this situation to the attention that has the authority to make the necessary changes and thus relieve what seems to be a skills shortage. In addition, redesign job will help to reducing boredom and monotony, and increasing comfort, often increases productivity. As a result, positions for which skills are in short supply may not require more personnel, as more productive and skilled individuals produce more. 4.3.0 Workforce in and out fluxes within the Organisation Demands of workers are influence the internal in and out fluxes of the employee through retirement, termination, resignation, leaves and absence etc. This factors are effect how much workers will be required given work of different type of employee and the expected volume of business activity. Solution Economy downturn is occurring less demanding labour market in the region. The company might have excess workforce but still labour turnover creates unnecessary expense and reduces efficiency to the firms. When a manager identifies high turnover in a specific department, the quality of training and supervision in that department should be looked into. As a part of the human resources function, the manager would contribute to the decision on what steps should be taken to remedy the turnover situation, such as training, pay and incentive improvements, and the like. Perhaps company may have shortage of skill workers in some departments. The best practical way to approach this situation if present is to look within the organisation among its workers first. Until and unless the opening is not related to immensely diversified field of which the existing workforce might not posse requisite skills and the cost of training may be working out to be high. It is easier to go in for an internal source for recruitment. Becourse it is cost saving in many ways to utilize what is already available to the organisation and for instance are there imbalances where transferring people would avoid redundancy problems and solve recruitment one. In addition moving people between regions becomes nearly impossible when individuals canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t get new mortgages or sell their existing homes. Alternatives to consider include focusing on accommodation or other essential facilities what they need or new recruiting area to a reasonable commuting distance. 4.4.0 Organisational Decision and Planning Process Organisational decision and planning processes seek to address the implications that a change in one input can have on the corresponding output. The evaluation and process evaluation that comprises part of the change management approach seeks to measure and anticipate the effect strategic decisions will have on company resources and labour. For example, ready-mix concrete Supply Company in UAE expects higher demand for their products in next couple of years. Likewise, if they try to venture into other lucrative fields such as supplying precast concrete product. For instance, the effect of the economy downturn in UAE, whereby product demand in the short term were low, downsizing staffs of organisation structures were the trend. The sudden changes in market conditions will obviously affect the demand for labour in general or for particular skills. Even proposed expansion, contraction or diversifications of the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s activities are complicating the man power pr ocess. Solution Manpower plan need to account the rest of the organisational plan, sales and production forecast and new venture to be more accurate. Estimating changes in product or service demand is basic forecasting concern, as it anticipating changes in national or regional economics. Furthermore, where plans are changed, the effect of the changes must be estimated. This may be estimated by market research, competitive analysis, trends in technological advances and so on. 5.0.0 Why should know Manpower Planning? The human resources are the most valuable asset of any organisation as they contribute to the realization of its business objectives. It is the human resources who contribute their time and expertise to the welfare of their organisation. Thus, the process of manpower planning and staffing is crucial to the business development of an organisation. The future Managers should know and follow the Manpower planning and it techniques to take the proper decision for their organisation. So then, it will ensure optimum use of available human resources and creates healthy atmosphere of encouragement and motivation in the organisation. The good manpower planning generates facilities to educate people in the organisation and opens possibility for workers for future promotions, thus providing incentive. If Manpower Planning techniques are ignored, decisions will still be taken, but without the benefit of understanding their implications. For example graduate recruitment numbers will be set in ignorance of demand, or management succession problems will develop unnoticed. It is surely better if decision makers follow this maxim in the way they make and execute resourcing plans. 6.0.0 Conclusion Employee resourcing is a wider issue than recruitment and selection. In this report is discussed the approaches to manpower planning process in construction oriented business with consist of series of activities such as determining current manpower or situation of the organisation, forecasting future demand and supply, Job analysis, Job evaluation recruitment and selection, training and development of employees in the organisation. In addition this report is explored the barriers that exist the proper manpower planning in the organisation with discussion of essential practical solutions. Discussion includes redundancy, employee training and development, proper movements of employee within the organisation that determine the extent of organisation performance, competence and ability to cope with dynamic forces of completion in business environment.

Democracy & sacred term Essay

Democracy is a sacred term associated with freedom. Freedom is an issue that has been fought for by a lot of nations worldwide. Freedom is a result of being independent, of possessing self-respect and dignity. Democracy is associated with freedom and vice versa. A true democracy is said to exist when the people of a given country are not deprived of their rights to vote, to express their feelings with the use of proper channels and when they can freely chose their leaders. The people sitting in government have a responsibility to its people, most especially to those who are oppressed and uneducated. It is often the case that during election time politicians gives out promises about the programs that they want to implement such as providing education for the poor. But, once these candidates are already proclaimed as winners they forget about their promises and do nothing about fulfilling them. There is an underlying reason for this and it is worse than what people think. In most third world countries, the reality is that politicians do not exert too much effort in alleviating the plight of the poor because they are afraid to educate the poor or make them literate. When these voters become literate or have gained knowledge, they would be able to vote wisely and this would mean that some politicians would not be put into office. The votes of the poor are the only things that matter to them and most of the politicians do not have a real concern about these illiterate people. The number of illiterates equate to the number of votes by which a potential candidate can use for his candidacy. The poor or the illiterate are segments in society that candidates and politicians alike would never give up on because they know that these people could help a lot in ensuring their success in elections. Thus, it can be said that there cannot be a true democracy if the people who compose the government are illiterate. (Bove, Carol. 2008. The Educational Theory of Jonathan Kozol. Retrieved from website http://www. newfoundations. com/GALLERY/Kozol. html). The reason for this is that these illiterate are deprived to choose the best people who would govern them. Education and knowledge are very important tools to the success of a nation. A government which deprives its constituents of the opportunity to learn cannot call themselves as living in a state of democracy. Instead, the opposite is true that without knowledge and education the government is destroying the lives of its people. The lack of education brings about many untold sufferings in a society and it is also the root cause of many problems. For one, the lack of knowledge or good education is the cause of poverty. Poverty is the evil that destroys the lives of many because many people use this problem as an excuse to commit crimes. This is the reality that gives life to the quote given by James Madison saying â€Å"A people who mean to be their own governors, must arm themselves with the power knowledge gives. A popular government without popular information or the means of acquiring it, is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy, or perhaps both. † It is very important for any government that seeks to impose democracy to breath life and meaning to it. A democratic government should start by investing in the education of its people so that it can really be said that the former is a government for the people and by the people. The people and the government should work together if a true democracy really exists. The government should show that it is giving utmost importance to the participation of its people by taking into consideration the suggestion of the latter in making laws, rules, or other important functions. Douglass and Kozol are both correct in their observations and opinions that the cost of illiteracy is high and the damage are great. As already pointed out earlier, the problem on illiteracy deserves more consideration and in-depth study of how it would be addressed. An educated person is given endless possibilities in life to become the best that they can be, this privilege and opportunity is taken away from the illiterate who merely depend on what others tell them out of fear or desperation. Thus, these people who are illiterate are deprived of the freedom to live out their life as they please because they lack the knowledge on how to maximize their full potential. Kozol was correct in saying that â€Å"democracy is a mendacious term when used by those who are prepared to countenance the forced exclusion of one third of the electorate† since the educated and powerful people use the weaknesses of the illiterate to their advantage. The reality existing in society today is that good education is available only for those who can afford to pay for it. The government of the United States provide for free or low cost education which is not of good quality. Private schools in the country are very expensive thus the students enrolled therein are given the best that money can buy. Although the state provides for public education it is not as good as those being received by the students enrolled in private schools. Thus, there is an inequality at this level. The argument of Kozol that there should be a shift in the quality of education in that it should be made at par with those of private schools is within the concept of ‘malign neglect’. In essence, ‘malign neglect’ wants to give out the message that there seems to be neglect in the quality of education being received by the students of public schools. There should be equal opportunity of education to be received by all. (Kozol, Jonathan. May 23, 2002. Malign Neglect. Retrieved on May 6, 2009 from website http://www. thenation. com/doc/20020610/kozol. ) A high quality of education would help the government and the society to produce better individuals who can compete globally for the advantage of everyone concerned. The quote by Kozol saying that â€Å"This is the society which most of us did not create, but which our President and other leaders have been willing to sustain by virtue of malign neglect† is very accurate because the problems on illiteracy and poor education has been in existence for a very long time. Therefore it is a great challenge today to try to change the way on how things are at present as a result of the mistakes committed in the past. But, it can be done. If only the government would cooperate and listen to the needs of the people, changes could be proposed and implemented for the good of the society. It is not impossible to educate the illiterate or to give quality world class education to all children. It is not unknown to many that a lot of countries worldwide have fought for democracy to the point of shedding thousands of lives to achieve freedom and independence. A country which calls itself as a democratic nation should live by the true meaning of the word ‘democracy’. There is true democracy if the government is composed of people who were chosen by its people because they believe in their officials and not because they were lured by the latter to vote them as a result of false promises brought about by their illiteracy and poverty. Another aspect that deserves consideration is the need to upgrade the quality of education being received by students. There should be a proposal for the government to provide for an adequate budget for a good education for everyone without regard as to the social status of an individual. Without these aforementioned criteria’s, democracy remains to be a word that exists only in theory. – Reference: 1. Bove, Carol. 2008. The Educational Theory of Jonathan Kozol. Retrieved on May 6, 2009 from website http://www. newfoundations. com/GALLERY/Kozol. html. 2. Kozol, Jonathan. May 23, 2002. Malign Neglect. Retrieved on May 6, 2009 from website http://www. thenation. com/doc/20020610/kozol.

Missing Children Essay - 1100 Words

The case of six-year old Adam Walsh is perhaps one that will never leave the minds of anyone initially horrified by its details. In 1981 young Adam was kidnapped from a local mall and regardless of tireless efforts by his parents John and Reve Walsh, volunteers, and law enforcement; Adam fell victim to murder. Two weeks after the boy went missing, his decapitated head was located, but his body was never found. This prompted his father John Walsh to start a campaign and legislature policy submission toward more stringent accountability for child crime offenders. â€Å"The murder transformed John Walshs life, turning him from a middle-class hotel marketing executive into one of countrys best known advocates for missing children† (Thomas,†¦show more content†¦The popular point of the second provision remains unopposed. â€Å"In addition, they cannot draw down funds for a child placed in a foster or adoptive home where the child abuse and neglect registry check is not conducted within that State, or requested of another State as required under the new law† (Miller, 2007) One would think the second of the two provisions to the 2006 law would be automatically assumed however, this particular law would come to face even more provisional changes its future. Issues Presented for Provisionary Inclusion Sex Offender Registration Act (SORNA) The Adam Walsh act has several other provisions including Title I, the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act or (â€Å"SORNA†). Under this portion SORNA â€Å"established a new federal sex offender registration framework and SORNA made two major changes to federal sex offender registration policy† (Morse, p. 1759). This portion of the act is currently in question for the following reasons: 1. Subsection (1) provides registration requires persons convicted of a sex crime under either federal or state law to register. 2. Section 16913provides that a sex offender must register and keep the registration current in each jurisdiction where he or she resides, is an employee, or is a student. (Morse, 2009). Two provisions of the act violateShow MoreRelatedMissing Children1436 Words   |  6 Pagesabundance of missing children/ children abduction cases. 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Seventy-four percent of children abducted are girls. Seventy-one percent of the kidnappers are strangers to the victims. Eighty percent of abductions occur within a quarter of a mile from where the child lives. Less than sixty of the children are returned to their families aliveRead MoreFrom Suffering to Overcoming in the Abduction of Adam Walsh1174 Words   |  5 Pagesyou places you have always feared. What if someone has taken my baby? This scene and other similar to it are far too familiar in our world. An estimated 797,000 children are reported missing in one year, however, only approximately 100 of them are stereotypical kidnappings (Martindale 6). Many times children that are reported missing have either run away or cannot be found for a few hours. Only a handful are taken for ransom and against their own will. The stereotypical kidnapping, which is veryRead MoreEssay about Child Abduction in the United States1076 Words   |  5 Pagescar all to no avail. This is exactly what happened with Reve Walsh, mother of young Adam Walsh. This is her account of what happened from the book, Tears of Rage, written by John Walsh and posted on the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children website. Adam and his mother went to the store to shop for lamps. The store was about one mile from their home. They parked the car where they always did. Holding hands, they crossed the parking lot to the north entranceRead MoreInternet Related Abuses And Cyberbullying1998 Words   |  8 Pagesof child abuse, either online or offline. In an effort to help educate children and protect themselves from online abuse and cyberbullying, the NetSmartz Educational Program was established by the National Center for Missing Exploited Children (NCMEC). In addition, the program also aims to provide preventive help to those individuals. NetSmartz Educational Program provides various learning materials and experiences to children ages 5 years to 17 years old, parents and guardians, educators and law

Interpersonal Communication Course I Have Increased Self...

Through Interpersonal Communication course I took in first semester in school, I have increased self-awareness. Every day, I keep learning more and more about myself. Not only that, but also, practice skills, and integration of knowledge and practice. For years, I have not seen self-awareness important, and also do not know my strengths and weaknesses. Though, I had an idea what my likes and dislikes were but my self-awareness was missing. Self-awareness is important because it can help us to recognize when we are stressed or under pressure. Self-awareness will also advance interpersonal relations, and also for developing empathy for others. An experience that has helped me to discover the important area of knowledge that I would like to†¦show more content†¦Though I have learned to see others as on my side, and I know I am on theirs, I still worry that people are not looking out for me at times. In the aftermath of this recent disagreement, I talked through my feelings with my girlfriend. I told her I understood my emotional response, and I knew where it came from when I first felt this way, why and how it’s been a pattern in my life. I have been blaming people from my past, and then I realized blaming people will do me harm. I’ve spent a lot of time learning to let go of victim stories, which is a big part of why I don’t write about some of the most painful events of my life. Still, for good or for bad, they shaped who I am. I know, however, that is my responsibility to change my responses and behaviours. And that, right there, has helped me discover that there is an important area of knowledge that I would like to have, which is self-awareness. I received feedback from my supervisor at my placement after mid-term evaluation. She explained to me how amazed she was, and how I did not take it personal after she wrote ‘not applicable’ in one of the lines on my mid-term evaluation form that says, â€Å"work with service recipients.† She explained, reason why is because I have not done it. She explained how good my acceptance was after she refused to agree on grading me on the number three of my mid-term evaluation form. Therefore, that has helped me develop my self-awareness. What I feel will